Levant
c. 10,000 stonesMESOLITHIC AGE ends.  In Levant from 20,000 .  NATUFIAN Period from 13,000 ends.  NEOLITHIC AGE begins until 5000.  Human cultures shift from hunting/gathering to agriculture and settlement, by irrigation and deforestation, which allows surplus food, making large populations possible.  Here are mortars from Natufian Culture and Grinding stones from Neolithic pre-pottery phase. photo: Hanay
10,200 wikNlt, 10,000 wikEp, wikNR
9800 wikPhL 9500 wikNtf, wikPhL
8000 IDBS 676 7000 ISBE 1-276
It's not like one age stops and the next one starts.  All ages, periods, and phases overlap, because they start and end at different times in different locations.
c. 10,000 Pre-Pottery NEOLITHIC A period begins in Levant and Anatolia until 8800.  Archaeological remains are in Levant and Upper Mesopotamia.  Tiny circular unbaked clay brick houses, semi-subterranean with stone foundations and terrazzo-floors, small hearths covered with cobbles.  Flint tools, crops cultivated, game hunted, rocks heated for cooking, corpses buried below floors of houses.  Sickle-blades and arrowheads continue traditions from late Natufian culture; transverse axes and polished adzes first appear.  Most settlement have storage bins of stones or mud-brick. 10,000 wikNlt, wikPPNA 9000 ISBE 1-236
c.10,000 Natufian cemetery at Nahal Ein Gev II in the Upper Jordan Valley shows advanced knowledge of lime plaster production. 10,000 wikNtf
c.10,000 Natufian communities in Levant take their first steps toward building permanent settlements, storing food and similar basic activities. 10,000 mxfld
c.10,000 EYNAN (Arabic: Ain Mallaha) village by Lake Huleh in Hula Valley in upper Jordan valley occupied by Natufian hunter/gatherers until 8000.  No sign of domestic animals or plants. 12-10,000 wikAMal
9000 IDBS 11
c.10,000 Wild emmer WHEAT V harvested and milled with grindstones in Natufian communities in Levant. 10,000 PW 12
c.10,000 DYE, first evidenced in the Caucasus region from 28,000, evidenced in textiles in the Timna Valley in south Israel.   See  China 3000, Egypt 2000, 10,000 Copilot
c.10,000 BEER first evidenced in the Levant at Raqefet Cave near Haifa.  Brewing process likely involves: malting grains, mashing and heating the malt, then fermenting the mush with airborne wild yeast.   See  China 7000, Mesopotamia 4500 11,700-9700 Copilot
c.9700 YOUNGER DRYAS Period from 10,900 ends, a 1,000-year-interruption in the higher temperatures prevailing since the Last Glacial Maximum, which produce a sudden drought in the Levant. 9700 wikYD 9500 wikNtf
c.9700 El KhiamKHIAMIAN Culture begins in Levant and Syria until 8600.  Hunter-gatherers who build houses on ground level, and not half below ground as was previously done.  Known for a distinctive chert arrowhead with lateral notches - the "El Khiam point". art:
(CC BY 2.5)

9700 wikKmn
c.9600 Emmer Λ WHEAT V cultivated in south Levant.   See Africa, Egypt 6000, Mesopotamia 8800. 9600 wikWt 9000 Copilot
by 9500 Neolithic founder crops: emmer & einkorn wheat, hulled barley, peas, lentils, bitter vetch, chickpeas, and flax are cultivated in the Levant. by 9500 wikHAg
9400 GILGAL west of the Jordan 13km north of Jericho occupied until 9200.  9400 wikGlg
9400 Oldest domesticated FIGS found anywhere in the world were recovered from an incinerated house at Gilgal.  9400 wikGlg
at JERICHO 9400 wikNlt,
9200 GILGAL west of the Jordan 13km north of Jericho, occupied from 9400, abandoned until ??. 9200 wikGlg
9000 GILGAL has caches of selectively propagated fig seeds, stored with wild barley, wild oats, and acorns in quantities too large to be accounted for even by intensive gathering. 9000 wikGlg
c.9000 plaster skullPLASTERED SKULLS appear in Levant until 6000.  Most are adult males.  They are usually found in graves under plastered floors, and show varried levels of artistry.  This one is from Jericho, 8-6000 BCE.  The Tale of Aqhat will lament, "What does a mortal finally get?  Glaze poured on his head, lime on top of his skull." photo: Zunkir

9000 wikPPNB 8000 wikPHS
c.9000 CATS in Levant and Mesopotamia domesticated in agricultural communities to combat rodents.  Cyprus 7500, Egypt 7500 10-8000 acat
c.9000 Region of SAMARIA comes under locall Canaanite city states until late 1200s. 9000 rcHL
c.9000 JERICHO first settled near a spring, by Neolithic hunter-gatherers, who leave a scattering of crescent microlith tools behind them.  It is intermitently occupied until 8500. 9600 wikTop
9000 rcCan, wikPPNA 8000 IDBS 473
7000 mxfld
c.9000 agricultureAgriculture is limited to the Fertile Crescent (Levant, Mesopotamia) and southeast Anatolia until 7000. timelapse: Wikirictor
c.9000 copperCOPPER V is first used in east Anatolia, Levant, and Mesopotamia.  Nuggets of it are found lying on the ground.  Evidence suggests that gold and meteoric iron (but not smelted iron) were the only metals used before copper. photo: Jonathan Zander

9000 wikCpr
c.8800 Pre-Pottery NEOLITHIC A period in Anatolia, Levant and Mesopotamia from 10,000 ends.  Pre-Pottery NEOLITHIC-B begins until 6500. 9000 ISBE 3-916 8800 wikNlt, wikPPNA, wikPPNB
8600 KHIAMIAN Culture in Levant and Syria from 9700 ends. 8600 wikKmn
c.8500 JERICHO (Tel-es-Sultan), intermitenly occupied from 9000, Pre-Pottery Neolithic-A phase begins until 7500. 8500 wikTSS
c.8300 AIN GHAZAL in Amman Jordan occupied by Neolithics intil 5000.  Phase 1 begins until 7950, spanning over 37 acres. 8300 wikAG 7200 wikTop
c.8000 farmingAGRICULTURE begins in southeast Anatolia, Levant, and Mesopotamia.  Digging sticks are used to plant grass seed. map: Eva Fernández

8000 TTPC, 7000 IDBS 679
c.8000 GALILEE, under Paleolithic people from ??, comes under Mesolithic people until 5500. 8000 rcHL
c.8000 NatufianNATUFIAN Period from 15,000 ends.  Natufians lived in caves, tents, and some stone built architecture, had bone sickles with flint teeth, cut wild cereals and hunted animals, including gazelles, deer, aurochs, onagers, ibex, and wild boar.  Some stored food.  Grave goods are made of shell, teeth of red deer, bones, and stone.  There are pendants, bracelets, necklaces, earrings, and belt-ornaments. map: Crates

9500 wikNtf 8000 ISBE 4-1015
c.8000 EYNAN (Arabic: Ain Mallaha) by Lake Huleh in Hula Valley of north Israel, occupied by Natufians from 10,000 abandoned.  Entire families are buried in their own houses, which are subsequently abandoned.  Evidence of dog domestication. 95-8000 wikAMal
c.8000 JERICHO, village from 9000, in Pre-Pottery Neolithic-A phase from 8500, becomes a city.  Brick houses built for 2,000 people.  A protective stone wall is built, and a tower 30 feet high.  Women cultivate the crops and tend cattle while the men hunt with their newly domesticated dogs.  Occupied until 4000. 8000 bk
7800 ISBE 1-705 7000 IDBS 473, ISBE 4-1034, mxfld 6800 MCAW
c.8000 Domesticated DOGS, in Levant from 12,200, evidenced at Jericho.   See Mesopotamia 10,000 7000 mxfld
c.8000 Eincorn Λ WHEAT evidenced at Jericho. 8000 PW 13
c.7950 AIN GHAZAL occupied 8300-5000.  Phase 1 from 8300 ends.  Phase 2 begins until 7550. 7950 wikAG
c.7900 GEBAL (Byblos) a small fishing community first occupied by Pre-Pottery Neolithic B culture until 5000. 8800-7000 wikBbl, wikTop
5000 ISBE 2-420
c.7700 SHEEP, domesticated in north Mesopotamia from 9000, Anatolia from 8630, are domesticated in Levant.   Egypt 6000. 7700 bk
fertile crescent

GFDL
c.7550 AIN GHAZAL, Phase 2 from 7950 ends.  Phase 3 begins until 5000. 7550 wikAG
c.7500 JERICHO (Tel-es-Sultan) Pre-Pottery Neolithic-A phase from 8500 ends.  Uninhabited until 6800. 7500 wikTSS
c.7500 A round stone tower, now preserved to about 8.5m high and 8.5m in diameter is built in Jericho. 8-7000 wikTop
c.7450 Domesticated GOATS, in Syria from 10,000, evidenced at Ain Ghazal and then Jericho.   Egypt 5900 7450 Copilot
c.7250 AIN GHAZAL, Phase 3, continuous occupation begins until 5000. 7250 wikNlt
c.7360 DHUWEILA small hunting camp 170km of west Arabia occupied by Early Neolithics until 7080. 7360 wikDw
c.7200 Neolithic site BEIDHA a few km north of Petra occupied seasonally by 50-115 people until 6650.  They use stone masonry and build a wall around the settlement of round houses with subterranean floors.  They grow barley and emmer wheat in an early state of domestication, herd goats, hunt animals including ibex, and gather wild plants, fruits and nuts.  Burials are in an area of the settlement thought to be used for ritual purposes. 7200 wikBd
c.7080 DHUWEILA small hunting camp of east Jordan from 7360, abandoned, sporadically revisited until 4450. 7080 wikDw
c.7000 Bees are kept for HONEY in the Mid East.  . 7000 wikHAg
c.7000 agricultureAGRICULTURE spreads from the Fertile Crescent to the Nile, and from Ionia to southeast Balkans. timelapse: Wikirictor 5000 TWAH 16
c.7000 MUNHATA (Horvat-Minha) site on west bank of Jordan River, occupied by pre-pottery neolithics.  Buildings have stone, paved or plastered floors made of mud bricks on stone foundations with remains of hearths and other stone structures.  North walls of buildings have a plastered niche. 7000 ISBE 2-1122, 7210-5420 wikMn
c.7000 AIN GHAZAL, in Phase 3 7550-5000 peaks.  Extended over 10-15 hectares, population: c.3,000 (4-5 times the population of contemporary Jericho).  They grow cereals (barley and ancient species of wheat), legumes (peas, beans, lentils, chickpeas) in fields above the village, and herd domestic goats.  They hunt wild animals-deer, gazelle, equids, pigs, foxes, hares. 7000 wikAG
c.7000 JERICHO (Tel-es-Sultan) Natufian site flourishes. 7000 IDB 1-57
c.7000 Pre-pottery Neolithic cultures appear in Levant and many parts of Near East.  They have domestic wheat, barley, sheep, goats. 7000 IDBS 11-12
c.7000 Plastered SKULLS and a swastica evidenced at Jericho (Tell es-Sultan). 8-6000 wikPhs 7000 ISBE 2-995, 4-370
c.7000 Neolithic village BAJA is occupied until ??. 7000 wikBj
c.7000 Pre-Pottery Neolithic B archaeological site BASTA is occupied until 5000.  They build circular houses of limestone, which have wood flores.  There are no cemeteries.  People bury their dead under their floors. 7000 wikBj, wikBst
c.7000 JERICHO population 2,500 because of springs. 7000 TTPC
c.6900 POTTERY first evidenced in Levant.   See Africa 10,000, China 9000, Mesopotamia 7000, Persia 6500, Mediterranean 6000 70-67 Copilot
c.6800 JERICHO (Tel-es-Sultan), uninhabited from 7500, occupied by Pre-Pottery Neolithic-B phase until 4000. 6800 wikTSS
c.6650 Neolithic site BEIDHA a few km north of Petra, occupied seasonally from 7200, burnt, but rebiult and reoccupied until 6500.  6650 wikBd
c.6500 Permanent WATER WELLS, in Cyprus from 8500, appear in the Jezreel Valley. 6500 wikHWSS
c.6500 Neolithic site BEIDHA, reoccupied from 6650 abandoned. 6650 wikBd 6500 wikBd
c.6500 Pre-Pottery Neolithic B period in Anatolia, Levant and Mesopotamia from 8800 ends.  Pottery NEOLITHIC begins until 6000 6500 wikPPNA, wikPPNB
c.6500 UGARIT is occupied.  Not a city until 2100. 6500 IDBS 928, ISBE 3-124
c.6400 Yarmuk CultPottery Neolithic A YARMUK Culture begins at Shaar HaGolan on Yarmuk River, and spreads.  Ends 6000. map: Joe Roe

6400 wikYrm
c.6300 DAMASCUS first occupied.  But evidence exists of settlement in the wider Barada basin from 9000.  It is independent until 1720. 6300 wikDms
c.6000 Current site of HALAP (Aleppo) occupied. 6000 wikTop 5000 wikAlp
c.6000 Pottery NEOLITHIC Period ends.  In Levant from 6500LATE NEOLITHIC begins with pottery until 5000. 6400 wikNlt
6000 ISBE 1-236 4300 ISBE 3-916
c.6000 SHAAR ha GOLAN on SE shore of Sea of Galilee, occupied by Neolithic Yarmukians who abandoned their nomadic lifestyle in favor of permanent settlement, marking the shift from hunting and gathering to agriculture. 6000 wikSHG 5000 ISBE 2-1123
c.6000 PLASTERED SKULLS, in Levant from 9000, fade out.  6000 wikPHS
c.6000 JERICHO: Human skulls are made into ornamental masks, possibly for ancestor worship. 6000 MCAW
c.5900 ASKALON first occupied.   Abandoned 1270. 5900 wikAsc,
c.5500 GALILEE, under Mesolithic people from 8000, comes under Neolithic people until 4500. 5500 rcHL
c.5200 COTTON 1st cultivated in Levant at Tel Tsaf.   Sudan 5000, India 3000, Egypt 2500 5200 Copilot
c.5000 NEOLITHIC AGE in Levant ends.  Began 10,000.  Pottery NEOLITHIC, in Levant from 6000, ends.  CHALCOLITHIC Period begins until 3200. 5000 IDBS 928, ISBE 1-236, 4500 wikPhL     4300 ISBE 1-276, 3-916     4000 ISBE 2-349
c.5000 GEBAL (Byblos), occupied from 7900, 1st occupied continuously by proto-Phoenicians until 3000. 5000 ISBE 2-420, hifiCSS, hifiGbl, wikBbl
c.5000 LACHISH first occupied, but not prominent until 1800. 55-4500 wikLc,
c.5000 Villages in Fertile Crescent fight over water.  . 5000 TTPC
c.5000 AIN GHAZAL occupied from 8300, in Phase 3, from 7550 abandoned. 5000 wikAG, wikNlt,
c.5000 OLIVE trees first cultivated on the Carmel coast of Levant. 5000 Copilot
c.4500 GALILEE, under Neolithic people from 5500, comes under Chalcolithic Ghassulian Culture until 3300. 4500 rcHL
c.4450 DHUWEILA small hunting camp of east Jordan, sporadically revisited from 7080, occupied by Chalcolithics or Early Bronze Agers until 3000.  This group has domestic cotton imported from either Nubia or the Indus Valley. 4450 wikDw
c.4300 Chalcolithic period in the Negev begins until 3200. 4300 ISBE 3-511
c.4250 Chalcolithic GHASSULIAN culture begins until 3200 in south Levant, mostly at Teleilat Ghassul.  Small hamlet settlements of mixed farming peoples, who had immigrated from the north. 4400 wikGsl 3800 britGsl, wikGsl
c.4200 BEERSHEBA culture (part of Ghassulian) begins until 4000.  People live first in underground dwellings, dug in the loess of the Valley.  Later they build surface houses.  They live on a trade route, use flint tools, raise sheep, goats, cattle and pigs, grow wheat, barley, and lentils.  Each settlement specializes in an industry:  Bir Tzafad carves ivory; Bir Abu Matar smelts Λ COPPER V and produces copper instruments and jewelry. 4200 wikBrs
c.4000 Civilizations develop in Fertile Crescent.  Earliest supposed dates for domestication of HORSES and CHICKENS. 4000 wikTop
c.4000 Civilizations in Fertile Crescent discover the potter's wheel. 4000 wikTop
c.4000 SIDON, a group of coastal cities, built by Canaanites on a promontory facing an island, which shelters its fleet from storms and serves as a refuge during military incursions from the interior.  Occupied until ?. 4000 IDBS 473, hifiCSS, wikHS, wohiSd
c.4000 Rujm el Hiri RUJM EL-HIRI in the Golan heights, a megalithic mound 4.6m tall at its center consisting of more than 42,000 basalt rocks in concentric circles with a tumulus at center.  The outermost wall is 160m in diameter and 2.4m high.  photo: אסף.צ

4-3000 wikMgl 3000-2700 wikREH
c.4000 JERICHO, a city from 8000, occupied by Pre-Pottery Neolithic-B people from 6800, abandoned until 2900. 4000 IDBS 473
c.4000 BEERSHEBA culture (part of Ghassulian) from 4200 ends, possibly displaced by immigrants fron the north.  People abandon their houses, some intending to return.  4000 wikBrs 3200 ISBE 1-587
c.3500 Domestic DONKEYS, in Egypt from 4650, brought to Levant during the Early Bronze Age.   Mesopotamia 3100.   Anatolia 2500. 37-2400 Copilot
c.3500 MEGIDDO V founded by Canaanites. 3500 Copilot
c.3400 PELLA, east of Jordan River, occupied.  A city wall is built. 3400 IDBS 651
c.3300 GALILEE, under Chalcolithic Ghassulian Culture from 4500, comes under Bronze age; Semitic nomads until 1480. 3300 rcHL
c.3200 CHALCOLITHIC Period ends.  In Levant from 5000BRONZE AGE begins until 1200EARLY BRONZE begins until 2000.  Early Bronze-1 begins until 2800Λ Copper tools predominate.   Not in Egypt until 2000. 3300 wikBA, wikPhL     3200 IDBS 676, ISBE 1-236, 276     3100 ISBE 2-349, 3-916     3000 FHBC 197??? IDB 1-207????PAE 78, WBANE 86, FLAP 125,????RAI2 196
c.3200 Chalcolithic GHASSULIAN culture in south Levant, mostly at Teleilat Ghassul from 4250, displaced by immigrants from Anatolia and north Syria.  Small hamlet settlements of mixed farming peoples, who had immigrated from the north. 3500 wikGsl 3350 britGsl 3200 ISBE 1-587
c.3200 Chalcolithic period in the Negev from 4300, ends.  EARLY BRONZE peroid begins until 2000. 3200 ISBE 3-511-12
c.3150 QATNA, by a lake just east of the Orontes, first occupied by ?? until 2800, becomes a village. 33-3000 wikQt
c.3100 AI, 22km northwest of Jericho, 1st settled as an unwalled village until 3000. 3100 IDBS 14
c.3000 EBLA founded, overlapping Mesopotamia.  1st kingdom of EBLA established until 2300.  Early Period begins until 2400. 3000 wikEbl wikHS
c.3000 West Semitic PHOENICIANS, possibly from the Negev or Dilmun, arrive in Phoenicia.  BAAL V, chief god of Phoenicians, introduced into El-worshipping Canaan. 3000 NLEM 79, wikPnc
c.3000 BIRUTA (Beirut) founded by Phoenicians on an island which will become progressively silted, connecting it with the mainland. 3000 hifiBrt, hifiCSS, wikBrt
c.3000 Semites from east of Jordan River start drifting into Canaan. 3000 BCoC 119
c.3000 GEBAL, a proto-Phoenician site from 5000, shows 1st evidence of Phoenicians in Lebanon, trade with Cyprus, Caucasus, Mesopotamia, Sudan, Egypt.  Chief deity, Baalat, is later identified with Hathor. 3000 ENBD 992, ISBE 2-420, NLEM 81
c.3000 Canaanite ALTAR at Λ MEGIDDO V built into the rear wall of a temple. 3000 ISBE 1-102
by 3000 Domesticated GRAPES have been transplanted from Armenia or the Zagros Mts. to the Jordan Valley. by 3000 fdAI
by 3000 SILVER mining and metalurgy practiced in Near East. by 3000 ISBE 4-512
c.3000 APHEK occupied.   See 1468. 3000 ISBE 1-150
c.3000 BETH-YERAH "house of moon" (Khirbet Kerak "ruin of fortress") on south shore of Sea of Galilee, occupied.  Inhabitants live in huts, some sunk into pits down to 3.5m deep.  Traces of pavements and ovens.  Known for its pottery: light red or red-black burnished ware. 3200 jvlBY
3000 ISBE 2-1122
no date: wikKK
c.3000 AI, 22km northwest of Jericho, unwalled village from 3100, rebuilt by Syrians as a walled city until 2860. 3000 IDBS 14, ISBE 1-82
c.3000 DHUWEILA small hunting camp of west Arabia, occupied by Chalcolithics or Early Bronze Ageers from 4450, abandoned. 3000 wikDw
c.2900 JERICHO, abandoned from 4000, occupied by Post-Ghassulian peoples until 2300. 3500 rcCan
2900 IDBS 473
c.2860 AI, 22km northwest of Jericho, Syrian walled city from 3000, rebuilt with a 2nd wall until 2700. 2860 IDBS 14
c.2800 QATNA village on a lake southeast of the Orontes, occupied by ?? from 3150 repopulated by Amorites. 2800 wikQt
2800 EARLY BRONZE-1 ends.  In Levant from 3200.
EARLY BRONZE-2 begins until 2600.
2800 IDB 1-207, WBANE 82
2800 HAZOR, occupied from ?, founded as a permanent settlement.  This initial settlement is confined to the upper city.  It is independent until 1600. 2800 hifiCSS 28-2400 Copilot
2750 TYRE founded by Phoenicians, both on island and mainland.  Does not appear in monuments until 1300. 2750 TTPC, hifiT, wikTL
c.2740 ZIALU, king of Ebla from ?, ends.  ENMANU succeeds until 2720. 2740 wikLKEb
c.2720 ENMANU, king of Ebla from 2740, ends.  NAMANU succeeds until 2700. 2720 wikLKEb
c.2700 NAMANU, king of Ebla from 2720, ends.  DA?????? succeeds until 2680. 2700 wikLKEb
c.2700 Royal PALACE at Ebla built. 2700 wikEbl
c.2700 AI, 22km northwest of Jericho, a double-walled city from 2860, rebuilt with Egyptian influence until 2550. 2700 IDBS 14
c.2680 DA??????, king of Ebla from 2700, ends.  SAGISU succeeds until 2660. 2680 wikLKEb
2675 Lebanon exports CEDAR to Egypt. pre-2675 MCAW
2675 WHEELS with axles, in Mesopotamia from 5500, in Asia from 3700, first evidenced in Levant: earliest potter's wheel discovered at Beth Yerah-2.   Egypt 2000. pre-2675 WBANE 84
c.2660 SAGISU, king of Ebla from 2680, ends.  DANEUM succeeds until 2640. 2660 wikLKEb
c.2640 DANEUM, king of Ebla from 2660, ends.  IBBINI-LIM succeeds until 2620. 2640 wikLKEb
c.2620 IBBINI-LIM, king of Ebla from 2640, ends.  ISHRUT-DAMU succeeds until 2600. 2620 wikLKEb
c.2600 ISHRUT-DAMU, king of Ebla from 2620, ends.  ISIDU succeeds until 2580. 2600 wikLKEb
2600 EARLY BRONZE-2 ends.  In Levant from 2800.
EARLY BRONZE-3 begins until 2100.
2600 IDB 1-207, WBANE 86, WPOT
c.2580 ISIDU, king of Ebla from 2600, ends.  ISRUT-HALAM succeeds until 2560. 2580 wikLKEb
c.2560 ISRUT-HALAM, king of Ebla from 2580, ends.  IKSUD succeeds until 2540. 2560 wikLKEb
c.2550 AI, 22km northwest of Jericho, a double-walled city with Egyptian influence from 2700, rebuilt with Khirbet-Kerak influence until 2350. 2550 IDBS 14
c.2540 IKSUD, king of Ebla from 2560, ends.  TALDA-LIM succeeds until 2520. 2540 wikLKEb
c.2520 TALDA-LIM, king of Ebla from 2540, ends.  ABUR-LIM succeeds until 2500. 2520 wikLKEb
c.2500 ABUR-LIM, king of Ebla from 2520, ends.  AGUR-LIM succeeds until 2480. 2500 wikLKEb
c.2500 SEMITES, in Canaan from 3000, have walled towns. 2500 BCoC 120
c.2500 IRON smelted in Near East. 2500 bk
c.2480 AGUR-LIM, king of Ebla from 2500, ends.  IB-DAMU succeeds until 2460. 2480 wikLKEb
c.2460 IB-DAMU, king of Ebla from 2480, ends.  BAGA-DAMU succeeds until 2440. 2460 wikLKEb
c.2440 BAGA-DAMU, king of Ebla from 2460, ends.  ENAR-DAMU succeeds until 2420. 2440 wikLKEb
c.2420 ENAR-DAMU, king of Ebla from 2440, ends.  ESHAR-MALIK succeeds until 2400. 2420 wikLKEb
c.2400 ESHAR-MALIK, king of Ebla from 2420, ends.  KUN-DAMU succeeds until 2380. 2400 wikLKEb
c.2400 Early Period of Ebla from 3000 ends.  Archive Period begins until 2300.
EBLA / MARI war begins until 2300.
2400 wikLKEb
c.2380 KUN-DAMU, king of Ebla from 2400, ends.  ADUB-DAMU succeeds until 2360. 2380 wikLKEb
c.2360 ADUB-DAMU, king of Ebla from 2380, ends.  IGRISH-HALAM succeeds until 2340. 2360 wikLKEb
c.2350 AI, 22km northwest of Jericho, a double-walled city with Khirbet-Kerak influence from 2550, destroyed, in riuns until 1220. 2400 SOTS 97 2350 IDBS 14 2200 FLAP 137
c.2340 IGRISH-HALAM, king of Ebla from 2360, ends.  IRKAB-DAMU succeeds until 2320. 2340 wikLKEb
c. 2340 Ebla
EBLA 1st kingdom at maximum extent.
photo: Semhur

2340 wikEDPM
c.2325 UNI, Egyptian commander for Pepi-I, begins 1st of 5 expeditions against Bedouins of Canaan.  . 2325 IDB 2-45, no date: BHoE 135 '  
c.2322 ARRUKUM, vizir of Ebla from ??, ends.  IBRIUM succeeds until 2302. 2322 wikIbr
c.2320 IRKAB-DAMU, king of Ebla from 2340, ends.  ISAR-DAMU succeeds until ??.  A prince, might have briefly ascended the throne. 2320 wikLKEb
c.2313 IBRIUM, vizir of Ebla, wars against vassal-state Armi. 2313 wikIbr
c.2302 IBRIUM, vizir of Ebla from 2322, ends.  Son IBBI-SIPISH succeeds until ?. 2302 wikIbr
c.2300 Ebla1st kingdom of EBLA from 3000 destroyed during reign of Hidar of Mari.  Royal palace from 2700 is burnt, thus baking and preserving the  Ebla Tablets .  Parts of the palace, shown here, remain.  Ebla 2nd kingdom is under Akkadian Empire until 2000. photo: Associazione Decarch

2300 wikEbl, wikMri, wikP1M 2250 wikAm, wikPhL
c.2300 EBLAITE language from 2500 ends. 2300 ISBE 4-1149
c.2300 Ebla 22nd kingdom of EBLA established until 2000.  Ebla pays tribute to Mari. map: Semhur

2300 wikEbl
c.2300 SARGON of Akkad trades for francincense with Lebanon. 2300 MCAW
c.2300 JERICHO, occupied by Post-Ghassulian peoples from 2900, abandoned, comes under Amorites until 1900. 2300 IDBS 473, ISBE 2-995, rcCan
c.2300 ALALAKH, 20km NE of Antioch, founded by Amorites.  Main god: Hadad.  No palace until 2000. 24-2000 wikAl
c. 2290 Mari
2nd kingdom of MARI at maximum extent.
photo: Semhur

2290 wikEDPM
c.2200 PUNON, 45km south of Dead Sea, 1st mined. 2200 ISBE 1-219
c.2100 UGARIT, occupied from 6500, becomes a city-state until 1182. 2100 IDBS 928, ISBE 1-272
c.2100 EARLY BRONZE-3 in Levant from 2600 destroyed.  All cities have a gap until 2000. 2300 WPOT     2200 ISBE 3-916     2100 IDB 1-207, WBANE 86     2000 FLAP 124
EARLY BRONZE-4 2300-2100.   MIDDLE BRONZE-1 2100-1900 WPOT
c.2100 HABIRU (Apiru), probably a social class rather than an ethnic group at this time, first mentioned in an Ur text. 2100
IDB 2-306

Levant 2000-1001
V