| c. 2040 | MIDDLE KINGDOM begins until 1786. 11th DYNASTY begins as pharaohs until 1991. EGYPT, divided from 2160, reunited until 1750. Capital: THEBES until 1990. |
2160 BHoE 598 2133 CAH 1.2 2050 SHWC 14 2040 B76 6-469, CBCOT, FHBC 213, GHAE, PW 14, TAWH 58 2025 Sdl 1-23 2000 RAH, SOTS 25 1991 LEWH 38 1989 FLAP 81 |
| c.2026 | Rebellion at THINIS. | yr 14 Shaw 134, 139 |
 {{PD-US}} |
 Photo by Olaf Tausch |
| c. 2010 | MENTUHOTEP-II dies. King of Thebes from 2060, Pharaoh of Egypt from 2040. His tomb in the cliff at Deir el-Bahri on the west bank of Thebes may not have had a pyramid, as in the reconstruction on the left. MENTUHOTEP-III succeeds to 1998. | 2014 DMoN 2010 MCAW 19, MRDK, ae, ktut, pic, resh, wikP 2009 GHAE 2004 Shaw, treg 1999 nar 1998 Clay, scar, tig 1995 wikM2 1992 phou 1986 wikCEC |
| by 2000 | Egypt is trading with Nubia and Punt. | by 2000 B76 1-282 |
| c.2000 | Rulers are entombed on edge of desert near the pyramids. | ? |
| c.2000 | BRONZE, common in the Levant from 3200, only now becomes common in Egypt. | 2000 SHT 1-588 |
| c.2000 | Polished stone axheads mostly superceded by bronze. | 2000 SHT 1-503 |
| c.2000 | KAHUN in the Fayum founded in an area already containing tombs. Its layout shows a workmens area in the west with very small houses, notables in the north with big houses of several hundred rooms, courts, and corridors, the market in the east, and probably a temple area in the center. Mud-brick town walls have been found on 3 of its 4 sides. | 2000 B76 18-1066 no date: wikEL |
| c.2000 | DYE, evidenced in Levant from 10,000, evidenced in Egypt on linen and leather. It is an individual craft and temple industry. Urine is used to dissolve the dye. | 2000 SHT 1-248-9 |
| c.2000 | OIL LAMPS, used in Lascaux caves 15-10,000, evidenced in Egypt, using castor oil at first. (See Europe 2000, Crete 1500) | 4000 epld 1300 EOET 133 |
| c.2000 |  SHADUF V - a long pole balanced on a pivot with a bucket on one end and a counter-weight on the other - used to lift water in Egypt and Mesopotamia. |
drawing {{PD-US}} 2000 TTT, wikSdf 1700 rgnms 1500 B76 11-232 |
| c.2000 | BALANCE SCALE V used in Egypt from at least 2600, and Mesopotamia. | 2000 TTT |
| c.2000 | LOCKS first evidenced in Egypt (probably). Simple wooden devices, operated by wooden keys. See Mesopotamia. | 2000 Copilot |
| c.2000 | BEER V, in Egypt from ?, has laws governing manufacture, sale and consumption. (See Gilgamish 2000) |
2000 prtmt |
| c.2000 | DATE-WINE is the most popular liquor. Juice is pressed from soaked dates, and fermented by the wild yeast in the date skins. | 2000 SHT 1-276 |
| c.2000 | DRILL turned by a bow is used to make holes in stone. | 2000 TTT |
| c.2000 | TOOTHPASTE made of pumice powder and wine vinegar. | 2000 EOET 210 |
| c.2000 | CONTRACEPTIVES V (honey & crocodile dung) introduced. | 2000 TTS, TTT |
| c.2000 | Pointed BATTERING RAM operated from a portable hut covered with reeds and hides. | 2000 CWH, TTT |
| c.2000 | DOGS bred into diverse forms. | 2000 CWH |
| c.2000 | Egyptians abandon effort to domesticate antelope, gazelle, & oryx. Devote more time to hunting, fishing, gathering to supplement cultivated crops. | 2000 TTPC-5 |
| c.2000 | Oldest Egyptian SHOE V is a sandal made of braded papyrus found in a tomb. | 2000 EOET 294, TTT |
| c.2000 | Earliest known textiles are linen mummy wrappings. Dyes include blue from indigo or woad leaves which contain indigo. Safflower is used for yellow and red. | 2000 B76 5-1099 |
| c.2000 | WHEELS with axles, in Mesopotamia from 5500, Levant from 2675,
Solid WHEEL V carts and wagons appear in Egypt. (See Europe, Asia, Crete, Syria, also in 2000, and Anatolia 1800) |
1650 MCAW 25 1600 B76 5-970, SHT 211 |
| c.2000 | SPOKED WHEELS (4 spokes until 1300) appear in Egypt, Aram, Asia, and Mesopotamia. (See Europe 1500, Crete 1500) | 2000 B76 X-643 1600 TTT soon after 1600 SHT 1-212 |
| c.2000 | Tomb (TT60) of Antefoker (Intefiqer), Vizir of Senusret-I, has pictures of a clay oven with a grate on which is a tray for food. | 2000 SHT 1-273 no date: wikTT60 |
| c.2000 | SAFFLOWER seeds stored in Theban tombs. | 2000 SHT 1-246 |
| c.2000 | WATERMELON, eaten in Africa from 3500, cultivated in Egypt. | 2000 Copilot, TTPC-5 |
| c.2000 | TATTOO practiced by Egyptians, evidenced on mummies. | 2000 B76 IX-841 |
| c.2000 | 
Prisse Papyrus contains earliest complete text of Maxims of Ptahhotep . |
photo {{PD-US}} 2000 CHJ 2-491 no date: wikPP |
| c.2000 |
|
2000 AEDA, fbHF, blgsp |
| c. 2000 |  Nubian archers, probably mercenaries under Prince Mesehti of Syut (later Asyut, Assiut) in whose rock-cut tomb this painted wood model was found. Syut is capital of the 13th Nome. (Now in Cairo Museum). |
photo pub dom 2000 wikNA |
| c.1998 | MENTUHOTEP-III ends. 2nd pharaoh of 11th (Theban) Dyn from 2010, ends. His burial place is disputed. MENTUHOTEP-IV succeeds 1997-91. | 2001 DMoN 1998 MRDK 286, ae, ktut, lveg, pic, resh, swar, wikP 1992 Shaw, treg 1991 Clay, scar, tig 1987 nar 1985 phou |
| c.1997 | MENTUHOTEP-IV, 3rd Pharaoh of 11th (Theban) Dyn 1997-91, consolidates southern commerce under control of chief treasurer, Henu, with title: "keeper of the door of the south". | no date: BHoE 153, 182 |
| c.1996 | AMENEMHET, vizir and governor of south for Mentuhotep-IV, secures route to quaries of Wadi Hammamat, between Coptos and Red Sea, to get stone for king's sarcophagus, establishes 15 watering stations from Coptos to Red Sea, trades by ship with PUNT (unknown location to southeast). | yr 2 DMoN no date: BCoC 153, 182 |
| c.1991 | MENTUHOTEP-IV ends. 3rd Pharaoh of 11th (Theban) Dyn from 1998. Burial place unknown. Vizir AMENEMHET-I succeeds to 1962. | 1994 DMoN 1991 B76 6-469, CBCOT 31, FHBC 209, GHAE, JIAE, MCAW 20, MRDK, WPOT 84, ae, bk, ktut, lveg, pic, resh, swar, wikEPr, wikP 1989 FLAP 126 1987 treg 1985 Shaw 1983 nar 1937 wikCEC |
| c.1991 | 11th DYNASTY ends. At Thebes from 2060 as a dynasty, from 2040, as pharaohs. |
1994 DMoN 1991 AYGC 61, B76 6-469, CAH 1.2, CBCOT 31, Clay, FHBC 209, GEoP, GHAE, lveg, MRDK 286, WPOT 84, ae, ktut, pic, resh, swar, tig, wikP 1989 FLAP 126 1987 treg 1985 Shaw, phou 1983 nar |
| 12th DYNASTY begins at Itj Towy until 1786. |
| c.1990 | CAPITAL of Egypt, at Thebes from 2040, moved by Amenemhet-I to newly built ITJ TOWY until 1786. | 1990 PW 14 no date: TAWH 58, ae |
| c.1990 | KHNUMHOTEP made count of Menet-Khufu by Amenemhet-I until 1980. | no date: BHoE 161-2 |
| c.1985 | AMENEMHET-I, 1st pharaoh of 12th Dyn 1991-62, with 20 cedar ships, fights unknown enemy on Nile. Drives them from Egypt. | no date: BHoE 154 |
| c.1980 | KHNUMHOTEP, count of Menet-Khufu from 1990, promoted to Nomarch of Oryx by Amenemhet-I until 1950. | no date: BHoE 162, 180 |
| c.1974 | AMENEMHET-I, 1st pharaoh of 12th Dyn 1991-61, suffers assassination attempt. | no date: BHoE 177 |
| c.1971 | AMENEMHET-I, 1st pharaoh of 12th Dyn 1991-62, makes son SENUSRET-I co-regent. | 1974 DMoN 1971 Clay, GEoP, JIAE, MCAW 20, MRDK, Murn, RAI2, ae, bk, frM, ktut, pic, scar, tig, wikEPr, wikP 1963 nar |
| c.1970 | AMENEMHET-I: "I grew corn. I loved Neper the grain god. In every valley the Nile greeted me. None hungered. None thirsted during my reign." | 2000 SHT 1-537 |
| c.1968 | AMENEMHET-I makes 1st recorded 12th Dyn campaign into Nubia. | yr 23 1968 GHAE 161 |
| c.1962 | SENUSRET, son of pharaoh Amenemhet-I, penetrates WAWAT as far as Korosko, for conquest and colonization, but mostly for raw materials, especially gold. He takes prisoners as far as Mazol land and founds fortresses at Semna and Quban at 2nd Cataract. | Amen yr 29 BHoE 178, GHAE 161, Shaw 148, nar, treg |
| c.1962 |
|
photo Jon Bodsworth 1964 DMoN 1962 AYGC 62, B76 17-933, CBCOT, MCAW 20, Clay, GHAE, FHBC 209, GEoP, lveg, MRDK, Murn, RAI2, ae, frM, ktut, pic, resh, scar, tig, treg, wikEPr, wikP 1956 Shaw, phou 1953 nar |
| c.1962 | SENUSRET, son of Amenemhet-I, in Libya, learns of father's murder, tells no one. | 1970 BHoE 179 1964 DMoN 58 |
| c.1962 | SINUHE, noble under Senusret in Libya, overhears conversation about murder of Amenemhet-I by tent of Senusret. Fears implication. Flees. V | 1970 BHoE 179 1964 DMoN 58 |
| c.1962 | SENUSRET, son of Amenemhet-I, in Libya, departs by night to residence at Itjtowe, assumes throne. SENUSRET-I begins until 1928. | 1970 BHoE 179 1964 DMoN 1962 GHAE, MCAW 20, MRDK 286, resh |
| c.1959 | SENUSRET-I rebuilds temple of Atum-Ra at Heliopolis. | yr 3 1959 GHAE 164 |
| c.1958 | SENUSRET-I, 2nd pharaoh of 12th Dyn 1962-28, resumes conquest of NUBIA in person. 1st campaign ever personally led by a pharaoh. Penetrates beyond 2nd cataract, occupies as far as Buhen. | 8 yrs after A-1 dies: BHoE 181 no date: DMoN |
| AMENI, son of Khnumhotep, under Senusret, commands Oryx soldiers. |
 photo by NebMaatRa Caravan of "Asiatics" portrayed in tomb of Khnumhotep-II |
| c.1955 | KHNUMHOTEP-II (or III, not a pharaoh), nomark of Oryx from 1980, dies. 37 Aramo-Canaanites are portrayed on his tomb (#3 of the 39 tombs at Beni Hasan). | 2000 CBCOT 20 Senusret-II yr 6 wikBeniHasan 1920-00 Tmsn 29 1900 wikHk 1892 wljv 1890 Jud 6-480 early 12th dyn: wikBH no date: BHoE 162, 180 |
| Sons promoted by Senusret: NAKHT made count of Menet Khufu. AMENI made nomarch of Oryx. |
| c.1955 | LOOM, invented in 5th mil, V portrayed in Assyrian and Egyptian murals in tomb of Khnumhotep-II. | 2000 TTT |
| c.1953 | MENTUHOTEP, general under Senusret-I in Nubia, dispatched south. | 1953 BHoE 181 yr 10 Shaw 149 |
| c.1950 | Λ SINUHE, Egyptian fugitive, goes to Aram. | 1950 MCAW 21 |
| c.1950 | NUBIA, independent from ?, conquered by general Mentuhotep. Under Egypt until 1913. | 1950 TTPC no date: BHoE 17, 166, 181 |
| General MENTUHOTEP erects so many boastful monuments that Senusret gets nervous and dismisses him. | ||
| One large stele north of 2nd cataract now extant. |
| c.1950 | Sinuhe Autobiography describes travels thru Aram etc. and penitential return to Pharaoh Senusret-I. Shows that pharaoh is regarded as a god. | 1950 MCAW 21 |
| c.1950 | POTTER'S WHEEL V, in Uruk from 2000: Evidence of pivoted disks appears in Egypt. Foot wheels also in Greece, and Crete. | 2000 SHT 1-203 1950 MCAW 21 1800 SHT 1-200 |
| c.1949 | AMENI, nomarch of Oryx 1950-?, with prince Amenemhet + 400 men, dispatched to consolidate NUBIA and mine gold. | no date: BHoE 181 |
| c.1932 | SENUSRET-I erects 2 obelisks (each weighing 121 tons) in front of temple pylon at Heliopolis. 1 still stands. | yr 30 Clay 81, GHAE 164 1932 GHAE 164 |
| c.1931 | SENUSRET-I sends 2 expeditions to alabaster quarries at HATNUB in eastern desert. | yr 31 1931 GHAE 165 |
| c.1929 | SENUSRET-I, 2nd pharaoh of 12th Dyn 1962-28, makes son AMENEMHET-II co-regent. | 1932 DMoN
1929 Clay, GEoP, JIAE, MRDK, Murn, RAI2, ae, frM, ktut, pic, scar, tig, wikP 1928 GHAE 3 yrs before death: BHoE 182 |
| c. 1928 | 
SENUSRET-I dies. 2nd pharaoh of 12th Dyn at Itj Towy from 1962. Entombed in a pyramid at Lisht.Son AMENEMHET-II sole rule until 1895. |
photo Jon Bodsworth 1935 BHoE 182 1929 DMoN 1928CBCOT, FHBC 209, GEoP, GHAE, FHBC 209, JIAE, lveg, MCAW 20, MRDK, Murn, RAI2, frM, pic 1926 Clay, ae, bk, ktut, scar, tig, wikEPr, wikP 1916 nar 1911 Shaw, phou, treg |
| c.1913 | NUBIA, under Egypt from 1950, goes independent until 1903. War with Egypt until 1903. | 1913 wik20 |
| c.1903 | EGYPT / NUBIA war from 1913, ends. Nubia under Egypt until 1829. | 1903 wik20 |
| c.1900 | AMENEMHET-II, 3rd pharaoh of 12th Dyn 1928-1895, resumes trade with PUNT (unknown location to southeast). | yr 28 Clay 82 no date: BHoE 182 |
| c.1900 | CANAANITES arriving with pack-assess carrying goods for trade and tribute and children depicted at tombs at Beni-Hasan. | 1900 SHT 1-706, Tmsn 98 |
| c.1900 | PLOW drawn by two oxen depicted at tombs at Beni-Hasan. | 1900 SHT 1-73 |
| c.1900 | A GREYHOUND and a mongrel dog depicted at tombs at Beni-Hasan. | 1900 SHT 1-330-31 |
| c.1900 | INCENSE V BURNER depicted at tombs at Beni-Hasan. | 1900 SHT 1-298 |
| c.1900 | DRIED FOODS: A tomb painting portrays making and storing rasins. Another shows ox meat being hung up to dry. Another - gutted fish hung on a boat mast. Netting and curing of sea fish and fowl is shown at Sakkara and Beni-Hasan. | 1900 SHT 1-263-5 |
| c.1900 |  RA, dominant god in Egypt from 2490, at apex during 12th Dyn, becomes so dominant that priests of other gods discover that their own local deity is really RA by a different form or name. |
photo: Jeff Dahl no date: BHoE 170, wikRa |
| c.1900 | Execration Texts written in Egyptian hieratic: Names of potential enemies of the Pharaoh inscribed on vases include 30 Aramo-Canaanite names. Texts are written on statuettes of bound foreigners, bowls, or blocks of clay or stone, which are subsequently destroyed in effigy. Over 1,000 deposits found, in sites at Semna, Uronarti, Mirgissa, Elephantine, Thebes, Balat, Abydos, Helwan, Saqqara, and Giza. Evidenced also in Canaan. | 1925-1875 WBANE 55 1850 IDB 1-252, 4-303 1800 IDB 1-328 no date: wikET |
| c.1897 | AMENEMHET-II, 3rd pharaoh of 12th Dyn 1928-1895 at Itj Towy, makes son SENUSRET-II co-regent. | 1900 DNoN 1897 Clay, GEoP, JIAE, MCAW 20, MRDK, Murn, RAI2, ae, frM, ktut, lveg, pic, scar, tig, wikP 1895 GHAE 1877 Shaw, phou, treg 3 yrs before death: BHoE 182 |
| c. 1895 | 
AMENEMHET-II murdered. 3rd pharaoh of 12th Dyn from 1928, murdered by guard. Entombed in a white limestone pyramid at Dahshur, where stone thieves will steal its casing, leaving the sandstone to erode to shallow humps.
Son SENUSRET-II sole rule until 1878. |
photo Franck Monnier 1903 BHoE 182 1897 MCAW 20, wik19, wikEPr 1896 DMoN 1895 CBCOT, Clay, FHBC 209, GEoP, JIAE, lveg, MCAW, MRDK, Murn, RAI2, frM, ktut, pic, scar, tig, wikP 1877 Shaw, phou, treg 1885 nar |
| c.1890 | FAYUM depression converted to farmland under Senusret-II. | 1842-36 4nel |
| c.1878 | SENUSRET-II, 4th pharaoh of 12th Dyn 1895-78, makes son SENUSRET-III co-regent. | 1881 DMoN 1878 B76 6-470, Clay, GEoP, GHAE, JIAE, MCAW 20, MRDK, Murn, ae, frM, ktut, pic, resh, tig, scar, wikP |
| c.1878 | SENUSRET-II dies. 4th pharaoh of 12th Dyn at Itj Towy from 1895. Entombed in a burial chamber at Al Lahun. Son SENUSRET-III sole rule until 1843. |
1880 DMoN 1879 frM 1878 Clay, FHBC 209, JIAE, MRDK, Murn, Sdl 1-24, bk, lveg, wik19, wikEPr 1877 MCAW 23, GEoP, RAI2 1870 Shaw, treg, phou |
| c.1872 | Confirmed as 7th year of SENUSRET-III by three records of helical risings of Sirius between 2770 and 1314. | 1872 B76 6-462 |
| c.1869 | SENUSRET-III, 5th pharaoh of 12th Dyn 1877-43, prepares for consolidation of south by reopening canals cut in 2307. Clears out channel at 1st cataract. | yr 8 Clay 85, DMoN 60, BHoE 183-4 1850 MCAW 21 no date: BHoE 183-4 |
| c.1869 | A stele at Semna forbids Nubians to take boats or herds north of that location. | yr 8 BHoE 184, DMoN 61, Shaw 155 |
| c.1869 | SENUSRET-III, 5th pharaoh of 12th Dyn 1877-43, sails war ships into NUBIA.
Sets up forts, Semna & Kummeh south of 2nd cataract as his southern border. Puts temple to Dedwen, god of Nubia, in fortress Semna. |
yr 8 BHoE 184, DMoN 60, GHAE 168 |
| c.1867 | SENUSRET-III, minor Nubian campaign. | yr 10 DMoN 61, GHAE 168 |
| c.1861 | SENUSRET-III, 5th pharaoh of 12th Dyn 1877-43, extensive campaign against NUBIA. Sets up victory stele at Semna. | yr 16 BHoE 186, DMoN 61, GHAE 168 |
| c.1858 | SENUSRET-III personally leads campaign against NUBIA. Burns crops, takes cattle. | yr 19 BHoE 186, DNoN 61, Shaw 155 |
| c. 1858/7 | SENUSRET-III, having built a pyramid complex at Dahshur, now begins an elaborate subterranean tomb complex at Abydos, possibly because of his loyalty to the cult of Osiris. | yr 20 or 19 eulr |
| c.1850 | SENUSRET-III, 5th pharaoh of 12th Dyn 1877-43, invades RETENU (Egyptian name for Levant) (a first for any pharaoh) to a place called Sekmem (Shechem?). Plunders and returns. | 1850 MCAW 20 1818 Wiki no date: BHoE 187 |
| c. 1850 c. 1850 |
MATH V: Moscow Mathematical Papyrus : 15' x 3", contains 25 math problems which were already old at this time. Contains practical approximations for measuring, rather than actual mathematical knowledge. Approximates the surface area of a hemispherical basket. Computes the length of a ship's mast given that it is 1/3 + 1/5 of the length of a cedar log originally 30 cubits long. Pi is approximated at 256/81, which is about 0.5% low. (See Mesopotamia 2000) |
photo: {{PD-US}} 2000 BHM 19, EIHM 39, wikMMP 1900 B76 11-640 1850 IDB 3-561, lsned 1800 ldkn 1750-01 TTS |
| c.1850 | ASTRONOMICAL V INSTRUMENT: oldest extant, combination plumb line and sighting rod. Presently in Berlin museum. |
1850 EIHM 39 |
| c.1850 | GOLDEN RULE V prototype attested in The Eloquent Peasant . "Do to the doer to make him do" | 2040-1550 wikGR |
| c.1843 | SENUSRET-III dies. 5th pharaoh of 12th Dyn from 1877 at Itj Towy. Though he had built a pyramid complex at Dahshur, he is entombed in his more recent subterranean tomb complex at Abydos. 1st son AMENEMHET-III succeeds 1842-1797. |
1860 wikEPr 1843 BHoE, CBCOT, MCAW 20, GEoP, JIAE, MRDK, RAI2, frM 1842 FHBC 209, GHAE, lveg, pic 1841 Clay, Murn, Sdl 1-24, ae, resh, scar, tig 1840 DMoN, bk, nar 1839 ktut, wik19 1831 Shaw, phou 1817 treg |
| c.1842 | AMENEMHET-III, 6th pharaoh of 12th Dyn 1842-1797, exploits copper and turquois of Sinai from now to the end of his reign. (For copper, see Canaan 2000, Britain 1950, Sumerian cubit 1950, Asia 1800, Ganges Valley 1800, Sinai 1750) |
1842 MCAW 21 yr 2 Clay 88 |
| c.1840 | PULLEY first evidenced in 12th dynasty Egypt. | 1991-1802 wikPly |
| c.1829 | NUBIA, under Egypt from 1903, at war until 1818. | 1829 wik19 |
| c.1820 | AMENEMHET-III, 6th pharaoh of 12th Dyn 1842-1797, creates (or improves) artificial lake of MOERIS in the Fayum, helping to control Nile flooding. | 1820 MCAW 21 |
| c.1820 | Vast irrigation system created by AMENEMHET-III. | no date: TTPC 6 |
| c.1818 | EGYPT / NUBIA war from 1829 ends. | 1818 wik19 |
| c.1800 | HYKSOS, Semites of unknown origin (possibly Amalekites), enter Egypt during 11th Dynasty, but remain obscure until ?. c.1750 | 1800 wikHk 1750 SHWC 21 |
| c. 1800 |  Berlin Papyrus: written in hieratic by a Middle Kingdom scribe.Λ MATH V: Discusses fractions. Contains 2 problems in simultaneous equations, one of which is 2nd degree: 1. You are told the area of a square of 100 square cubits is equal to that of 2 smaller squares, the side of one square is ½ + ¼ of the other. What are the sides of the 2 unknown squares.
2. You are told the area of a square of 400 square cubits is equal to that of 2 smaller squares, the side of one square is ½ + ¼ of the other. What are the sides of the 2 unknown squares.
(See
Plimpton 1800,
multiplication 1775)ANATOMY V: Also has a pregnancy test. Found at Saqqara. |
art {{PD-US}} 1800 mthbf, plnmth |
| c. 1800 | Admonitions of Ipuwer first written. But the oldest existing papyrus is 19th dynasty. Ipuwer - a name common 1850-1450 BC - complains that the world has been turned upside-down: a woman who had not a single box now owns furniture, a girl who used to look at her face in the water now has a mirror, while the once-rich man is now in rags. He demands that the Lord of All (which could refer to either king or creator sun-god) destroy his enemies and remember his religious duties. This is followed by a description of the disorders: there is no longer any respect for law and even the king's burial inside the pyramid has been desecrated. The story continues recalling better days until the papyrus ends. It possibly concludes with a reply of the Lord of All, or prophesying the coming of a powerful king who would restore order, i.e. the earliest expression of MESSIANIC HOPE. | reign of Pepi2 B76 V-416 No earlier than 12th dyn: wikIpP, Middle Kdom wohi ' |
| c. 1800 |  Kahun Gynecological Papyrus : Oldest known MEDICAL V text on papyrus. 35 paragraphs relating to women's health, fertility, pregnancy, and Λ contraception. Each deals with a specific problem and contains diagnosis and treatment. No prognosis is suggested. Treatments are non surgical: applying medicines to the affected body part or swallowing them. Womb is at times seen as the source of complaints manifesting themselves in other body parts.(See 1975 physicians, physicians) |
photo {{PD-US}} 1800 hstnf, wikEMP 18-1700 rfil |
| c.1800 | ALPHABET: 1st pure alphabets mapping single symbols to single phonemes, but not necessarily each phoneme to a symbol developed by Semitic workers in Egypt. (See Arabia 2000, Mesopotamia 2000, Crete-Hyro 1900, Linear-A 1650) | 1800 wikHW |
| c. 1800 |  Egyptian woman SENEBTISI dies, and is buried at Lisht. Her tomb remains undisturbed until 1907 CE. Her mummified body is placed in 3 nested coffins. The outer wood coffin is inscribed with text, but badly preserved. The middle coffin has an inscription on gold foil on the lid. The innermost coffin is human shaped but badly preserved. She was adorned with personal adornments, 3 broad collars (this one of faience, gold, carnelian and turquoise), armlets and anklets and several bead necklaces, also an array of weapons and royal insignia. Around the pelvis is a royal apron. Next to the coffin in a niche is a canopic chest with 4 canopic jars. At the foot end are many pottery vessels. Her husband and parents are not mentioned in her tomb. |
photo: pub dom 1800 wikSnb |
| c.1798 | AMENEMHET-III, 6th pharaoh of 12th Dyn 1842-1797, completes reservoir at Sarbut el-Khadem in Sinai, and wall at El Kab. | yr 44 BHoE 208 |
| c.1798 | AMENEMHET-III, 6th pharaoh of 12th Dyn 1842-1797, makes AMENEMHET-IV co-regent. | 1815 ktut, wikP 1799 ae, tig 1798 Clay, DMoN, GEoP, JIAE, lveg, MRDK, Murn, RAI2, frM, scar |
| Amenemhet-III pyramid at Dahshur |  photo by Jon Bodsworth |
 pub dom |
Amenemhet-III pyramid at Hawara |
| c.1797 | AMENEMHET-III dies. 6th pharaoh of 12th Dyn from 1842. Though he had started a pyramid on unstable subsoil at Dahshur, he is entombed in his 2nd pyramid at Hawara, made of sun dried bricks covered with limestone which will all be stolen by Roman times. Middle Kingdom begins decline when lowly AMENEMHET-IV begins sole rule until 1790. | 1815 wikP 1814 ktut, wikEPr 1799 bk 1797 CBCOT, Clay, DMoN, FHBC 209, GEoP, GHAE, JIAE, MCAW 24, lveg, Murn, RAI2, ae, frM, scar, tig 1796 resh 1794 pic 1793 nar 1786 Shaw, phou 1772 treg |
| c.1790 | AMENEMHET-IV dies. 7th pharaoh of 12th Dyn from 1797, leaves no male heir. Entombed in an unfinished tomb at Beni Hassan. Dau of Amenemhet-III, SEBEKNEFRU is Queen 1789-86. | 1807 wikP 1806 ktut, wikAm4 1790 CBCOT, FHBC 209, GEoP, GHAE, JIAE, MCAW 24, resh 1789 lveg 1788 pic 1787 ae 1786 Clay, Murn, scar, tig 1785 DMoN 1782 nar 1777 Shaw, phou 1763 treg |
| c.1786 | SEBEKNEFRU ends. Queen of 12th Dyn from 1790. Probably married a pharaoh of 13th Dyn, who is not recognized in Thebes. | 1803 wikP 1802 ktut 1786 CBCOT, GEoP, JIAE, lveg, MRDK, RAI2, resh 1784 pic 1783 ae 1782 Clay, Murn, scar, tig 1781 DMoN 1778 nar 1773 Shaw, phou 1759 treg |
| c. 1786 | 12th Dynasty ends. Began 1991. Vizir preserves continuity of power. MIDDLE KINGDOM ends. Began 2040. (Some sources end it after the 13th Dynasty.) |
1792 IDB 2-667, phou 1788 BHoE 17 1786 B76 6-469, 11-896, CAH 1.2, CBCOT, CWH, lveg, MCAW 24, WPOT 86 1785 FHBC 209, 213, RAH 1783 PW 14 1780 SOTS 25 1778 Sdl 1-23 1776 FLAP 81 1750 SHWC 14 |
| 13th Dynasty begins in Memphis until 1674, ends 1650. Rival 14th Dynasty begins at Xois (aka Sais) until 1650. About 76 unrelated kings. |
||
| Capital of Egypt, at ITJ TOWY from 1990, moved to MEMPHIS until 1674. |
2nd INTERMEDIATE PERIOD
V
V