c. 10,000 | Pre-Pottery Neolithic A begins in Mesopotamia until 8800. Archaeological remains are in Levant and Upper Mesopotamia. Human cultures shift from hunting/gathering to agriculture and settlement, by deforestation, which allows surplus food, making large populations possible. Tiny circular unbaked clay brick houses, semi-subterranean with stone foundations and terrazzo-floors, small hearths covered with cobbles. Flint tools, crops cultivated, game hunted, heated rocks used in cooking, corpses buried below floors of houses. Sickle-blades and arrowheads continue traditions from late Natufian culture; transverse-blow axes and polished adzes first appear. Some instruments instead of being chipped are now polished. Most settlement have storage bins of stones or mud-brick. | 10,000 wikNl, wikPPNA |
c.10,000 | Domesticated GOATS V evidenced at Cayonu in Syria. See Levant 7450. | 10,000 Copilot, TTPC, bk 7-6500 mxfld |
c.10,000 | DOGS domesticated in Palegawra west Mesopotamia. See Levant 8000 | 10,000 IDBS 679 |
c.10,000 | World population: 3,000,000. | 10,000 TTPC |
c.10,000 | SHEEP (mouflon species) first domesticated in Mesopotamia. | 11-9000 Copilot |
c.9700 | PLEISTOOCENE PERIOD from 2,578,000 ends. HOLOCENE PERIOD begins until present. GREENLANDIAN AGE begins until 6200. Ice melt causes sea levels to rise 35m, as Earth warms. |
9700 wikHlc, wikS |
c.9600 | Wild eincorn WHEAT V collected in north Syria at Abu Hureyra. | 10,700-9000 wikWt 9000 PW 12 |
c.9550 | Wild eincorn WHEAT collected in Syria at Mureybet. | 98-9300 wikWt |
c. 9500 | ![]() |
9500 wikHC, wikPI |
c.9000 | ![]() |
timelapse: Wikirictor |
c.9000 | QUERNS, a flat stone bed and a rounded stone operated manually against it, in use from ???, earliest example evidenced at Abu Hureyra Syria. | 9000 Copilot |
![]() |
map: Joe Roe |
c.9000 | ![]() |
photo: Jonathan Zander 9000 wikCpr |
c.9000 | PIGS domesticated in Mesopotamia, followed by sheep. | 9000 wikHAg |
c.9000 | SHEEP domesticated in north Mesopotamia - or possibly brought from around the Caspian Sea by nomads who had domesticated them even earlier. Anatolia 8630. | 9000 PW 12, mxfld 7700 TTPC, bk |
c.9000 | ![]() |
photo: Zunkir 9000 wikTAH |
c.9000 | CATS in Levant and Mesopotamia domesticated in agricultural communities to combat rodents. | 10-8000 acat |
c.8800 | Pre-Pottery Neolithic A endsi in Anatolia, Levant, and Mesopotamia from 10,000. Pre-Pottery Neolithic B begins begins until 6500, centered in upper Mesopotamia and Levant. Animals domesticated to supplement earlier agrarian and hunter-gatherer diet. New flint tools include naviform cores. Fire is better controled. Thick white clay made of lime from limestone covers walls and floors. It is polished, and leads to invention of pottery. | 8800 wikPPNA, wikPPNB |
c.8800 | Eincorn Λ WHEATV, cultivated in Levant from 9600, first cultivated in Mesopotamia at Cayonu, Cafer Huyuk, Karacadag, and possibly Nevali Cori. Quickly spreads west to Anatolia. Asia 7000 | 8800 wikWt 8000 Copilot |
c.8700 | Tell MUREYBET in Syria on the Euphrates is continually occupied until 8000. Phase 1 = hunter/fishers use Natufian stone tools. Phase 2 = a village of round houses of pressed mud. Phase 3 = wider, multi-roomed rectangular houses of limestone blocks. Wild animals only, shot with arrows. | pre-8600 RAI3 41 |
c.8700 | A Λ COPPER V pendant exists in north Iraq, where it will be discovered. | 8700 wikCpr |
c.8630 | Pre-Pottery Neolithic-A CAYONU TEPESI settlement founded at the foot of the Taurus mountains near the Bogazcay, a tributary of the upper Tigris. Originally single room structures that are round or have rounded corners. On top are built wattle and daub constructions. Pigs domesticated. Lasts until 6800. | 8630 wikCy |
c.8500 | Wild AUROCHS are domesticated into CATTLE V in Anatolia, Mesopotamia, and India. | 8500 Copilot, wikCtl, wikHAg, wikTop 8000 ISBE 4-689, coca 60-5800 mxfld |
c.8500 | Domesticated Λ GOATS evidenced by bones in Mesopotamia and Anatolia, and Persia. | 8500 fdAI 8000 Copilot' |
c.8500 | SUMERIANS begin arriving in the Tigris-Euphrates valley, and cluster in the far south, on the borders of reed-choked swamps. They have light skin and black hair. | 8500 bk |
c.8400 | Neolithic site NEVALI CORI village founded in foothills of Taurus Mountains, on both banks of Kantara stream, a tributary of the Euphrates, lasts until 8100. Has 5 architectural levels, temples and monumental sculpture, long rectangular rock-built houses containing 2 or 3 parallel flights of rooms, small clay figurines, flint tools, domesticated Einkorn wheat. | 8400 wikNC |
c.8000 | Post-glacial sea level rise decelerates, slowing submersion of landmasses that had taken place over the previous 10,000 years. From 8000 to 5000, plants and animals are domesticated in tropical and subtropical parts of Asia, Africa, and Central America. Farming allows transition from hunter-gatherer nomadic cultures. Mass extinctions of plants and animals caused by human activity. | 8000 wikHlc, wikTop |
c. 8000 | ![]() |
map: Sandom, Faurby, Sandel, Svenning 8000 wikQEE, wikTop |
c.8000 | ![]() |
map: Eva Fernández 8000 TTPC 7000 IDBS 679 |
c.8000 | First domesticated morphologic cereals begin at Natufian site Tell ABU HUREYRA in Upper Euphrates valley in Syria. | 8000 wikTAH |
c.8000 | Tell MUREYBET on east bank of the Euphrates in Syria, occupied from 10,200, abandoned. Walls are compacted earth, sometimes reinforced with stones. Hearths and cooking pits are outside the buildings. Harvested crops included barley, rye and Polygonum. Sickle blades and grinding stones are common. They hunt gazelle and equids and fish. Shows coarse, lightly fired clay pots, and evidence of domestic animals. Mureybetian culture is a part of Pre-Pottery Neolithic-A & B. . | 8000 RAI3 46, wikMrb |
c.8000 | Flooding in the Persian Gulf begins until 5000. The sea reaches inland over hundreds of miles. | 8000 mxfld |
c.8000 | World population: 5,300,000. | 8000 TTPC, mxfld |
c.8000 | ACCOUNTING: Small clay tokens of various shapes are used by farmers to keep inventory of their commodities. A cone-shaped token, for instance, might indicate that a farmer has a certain amount of barley in his granary. | 8000 hifiUb |
![]() |
fertile crescent GFDL |
c.7500 | Tell SABI-ABYAD in north Syria inhabited until 5500. Consists of 4 mounds, inhabited not always at the same time. | 7500 wikTSA |
c.7500 | In southeast Anatolia, Λ COPPER is cold worked, annealed, smelted, and, lost-wax casted at the beginning of the Neolithic. | 7500 wikCpr |
c.7500 | BARLEY and Λ WHEAT V cultivated in north Mesopotamia - first for gruel, and soup, eventually for bread. | 8-7000 wikTop |
c.7500 | Tell SABI ABYAD in the Balikh River valley in north Syria, inhabited until 5500, but burnt 6000. | 7500 wikTSA |
c.7500 | CAYONU TEPESI at the foot of the Taurus mountains near the Bogazcay, a tributary of the upper Tigris now has more cattle than any other time in its history, but they are still phenotypically unchanged. | 7500 wikCy |
c.7500 | HOLOCENE CLIMATE OPTIMUM begins until 3500. A global warm period. | 7500 wikHCO 7000 icseHCO, wikS |
c.7200 | CAYONU TEPESI settlement at the foot of the Taurus mountains 8630-6800, shows earliest evidence of the cold-hammering of native COPPER until 6600. | 7200 wikCy |
c.7000 | EMER Λ WHEAT domesticated from wild wheat in west Mesopotamia. | 7000 TTPC, bk |
c.7000 | BARLEY, WHEAT, PULSES evidenced from Anatolia to Pakistan. | 7000 PW 13 |
c.7000 | Natufian site Tell ABU HUREYRA in Upper Euphrates valley in Syria, inhabited from 11,000, in 2nd occupation from 9000, abandoned. Later, some of the world's first farmers. Rye was the first cereal crop cultivated, then einkorn and emmer wheat, and lentils. | 7000 wikTAH |
c.7000 | ACCOUNTING first evidenced in Mesopotamia. Documents show lists of expenditures, and goods received and traded. Its development is closely related to writing, counting, and money. See banking 2000. | 7000 Copilot, wikHAc |
c.7000 | POTTERY first evidenced in Mesopotamia. See Africa 10,000, China 9000, Levant 6900, Persia 6500, Mediterranean 6000 | 7000 Copilot |
c.7000 | WEAVING evidenced at Jarmo, north-east Iraq and Çayonu Tepesi, with impressions of plain-weave and basket-weave on clay. | 7000 Copilot |
c.7000 | Pre-Proto-Hassuna period begins in Upper Mesopotamia. Late Neolithic period, when ceramic containers are just beginning. Pottery has a mineral temper, as opposed to later plant-tempered pottery. Lasts until 6700. | 7000 wikHs |
c.7000 | Site of CARCHEMISH on west bank of the Euphrates 1st occupied, but no city until 3000. | 7000 hifiCr |
by 7000 | Mesopotamia is settled by humans. | by 7000 mxfld |
c.7000 | Bees are kept for HONEY in the Mid East. | 7000 wikHAg |
c.7000 | OBSIDIAN, caused by a volcano near Lake Van, is gathered and exported to Mesopotamia. | 7000 mxfld |
c.7000 | Pre-pottery Neolithic cultures appear in Levant and many parts of Near East. They have domestic wheat, barley, sheep, goats. | 7000 IDBS 11-12 |
c.6850 | Earliest POTTERY V in Syria is evidenced at Tell Sabi-Abyad. Some of it is mass-produced and some is painted. | 69-6800 wikTSA |
c.6800 | ![]() |
photo: Krahenstein 6800 wikCy |
c.6700 | Pre-Proto-Hassuna period in Upper Mesopotamia from 7000, ends. Proto-Hassuna period begins until 6300. | 6700 wikHs |
c.6500 | Pre-Pottery Neolithic B period in Anatolia, Levant, and Mesopotamia from 8800 ends. | 6500 wikPPNA, wikPPNB |
c.6500 | TELL BRAK in Syria is first occupied by proto-Hassuna people until 5900. Its original name is unknown. It contains Halaf pottery. | 6500 wikTBr |
c.6500 | BASKET WEAVING evidenced at Abu Hureyra by women's skulls with large grooves in their front teeth, which suggests they used their mouth as a 3rd hand while weaving baskets. | 6500 wikTAH |
c.6500 | Λ POTTERY V is widespread in the Near East. | 6500 bk 6000 IDBS 679 |
c.6300 | Proto-Hassuna period in Upper Mesopotamia from 6700, ends. Archaic Hassuna period begins until 6000. Pottery kilns show up in many sites. The type site, Tell Hassuna, possess Archaic Hassuna artifacts. | 6300 wikA, wikEAP, wikHs 5000 ISBE 1-265 |
Λ POTTERY with incised and painted decor from Tell Hassuna 6500-6000![]() |
left: Vassil mid: Vassil right: Vassil |
c.6200 | Tell SABI-ABYAD, 4 mounds in north Syria, has cultural changes: new types of architecture, including extensive storehouses and small circular buildings (tholoi); further development of pottery in many complex and often decorated shapes; small transverse arrowheads and short-tanged points; many clay spindle whorls, suggesting changes in textile manufacture; seals and sealings to indicate property, and organization of controlled storage. | 6200 wikTSA |
c.6200 | GREENLANDIAN AGE from 9700 ends. NORTHGRIPPIAN AGE begins until 2200. | 6200 wikHlc, wikS |
c.6100 | A sudden global temperature decrease, probably caused by the final collapse of the Laurentide Ice Sheet, leads to drier conditions in east Africa and Mesopotamia. | 62-6000 wikTop |
c.6100 | Tell Halaf site flourishes until 5400. | 6100 wikTHf |
c.6100 | HALAF culture begins primarily in the valley of the Khabur River (Nahr al-Khabur), of southeast Anatolia, Syria, and northwest Mesopotamia, not sudden and not the result of foreign people, but a continuous process of indigenous cultural changes. Named after the site of Tell Halaf in north Syria. Round houses, painted pottery. Most important site is Tell Arpachiyah, now in the suburbs of Mosul, Iraq. Lasts until 5100. Early Halaf begins until 5400. | 6100 wikHlf, wikTHf 5500 PW 13, RAI3 48, Sag2 8 5300 ISBE 4-690 4500 ISBE 1-265 |
by 6000 | People move into the foothills of northernmost Mesopotamia where there is enough rainfall to allow for "dry" agriculture. | by 6000 wikHsn |
c.6000 | NINEVEH 1st occupied as a Halaf village until 5000. | 6000 wikNnv 5000 ISBE 3-539 |
c.6000 | Archaic HASSUNA period in Upper Mesopotamia from 6300, ends. Some other Hassuna period begins until 5500. | 6000 Sag2 8, wikHs 5800 RAI3 48, wikA, wikEAP 4500 ISBE 1-265 |
c.6000 | Tell SABI-ABYAD, 4 mounds in the Balikh River valley in north Syria from 7500, destroyed by violent fire. But it will be re-occupied until 5500. | 6000 wikTSA |
c.6000 | TELL AQAB in northeast Syria near the headwaters of the Khabur tributary of the Euphrates, occupied until 3800. Ubaid pottery is tempered; Halaf is not. Some pottery is imported from Chagar Bazar. | 6000 wikTA |
c.6000 | IRRIGATION is discovered around the Euphrates, also in Egypt, and Persia. | 6000 Copilot |
c.6000 | Irrigation around the Euphrates. | 6000 bk |
c.6000 | Wooden PLOW V invented in Mesopotamia, pulled by 2 men. See Egypt 5000. | 10,000 scidi 6000 apwh, bk |
c.5900 | A sudden rise in sea level by 6.5m in less than 140 years concludes the early Holocene sea level rise. Sea level remains stable thruout the Neolithic. | 62-5600 wikTop |
c.5900 | TELL BRAK in Syria, occupied by proto-Hassuna people from 6500, now occupied by Halaf culture until 5200. | 5900 wikTBr |
c.5720 | Biblical CREATION according to Josephus. | 5720 stnr |
Cultures 6000-5300![]() |
map: Jolle |
c.5500 | Tell SABI-ABYAD, village on 4 mounds in north Syria inhabited from 7500, burnt 6000, abandoned. | 5500 wikTSA |
c.5500 | 8000-3000 Identical ancestors point: In this period live the latest subgroup of humans consisting of all common ancestors of all present humans, the rest having no present descendants. | 8-3000 wikTop |
c.5500 | Mesopotamia has farming villages with irrigated agriculture, supplemented by hunting, animal paintings and imported copper tools. | 5500 mxfld |
c.5500 | SAMARRA period, an offshoot of Hassuna, begins until 4900. | 5700 wikS 5600 RAI3 48 5500 Sag2 8, wikSmr |
CONFUSION ALERT! There is also a SAMARA (one R) Culture in Asia beginning 5000.
c.5500 | UBAID PERIOD begins. Lasts until 3700. Large unwalled villages, multi-roomed rectangular mud-brick houses, first temples and public architecture in Mesopotamia. 2 tier settlement hierarchy of centralized large sites of more than 10 hectares surrounded by smaller villages of less than 1 hectare. Fine buff or greenish pottery with geometric designs in brown or black paint. Sickles made of hard fired clay in the south; stone and sometimes metal in the north. Irrigated agriculture supports larger communities. | 6500 wikUb, 5500 wikS, wikUb 5300 hifiS, hifiUb, wikS 5000 PW 13, RAI3 48, wohiST |
c.5500 | OUEILI phase of Ubaid period begins. first excavated at Tell el-Oueili. Lasts until 5400. | 5500 wikUb |
c.5500 | Ubaid phase 2 and 3 pottery evidenced at site H3 in Kuwait and in Dosariyah in eastern Arabia. In Dosariyah, 9 samples of Ubaid-associated obsidian came from east and northeast Anatolia, and from Armenia. The obsidian is in finished blade fragments. | 5500 wikUb |
c.5500 | Solid WHEELS with axles appear. First used for pottery, milling, and raising water buckets from wells until 3500. See Persia 4950, Asia 3700, Europe 3500, Levant 2675, China 2500 | 6400 bk 5500 Copilot 4200 wikWl |
c.5450 | Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period begins until 5100. Sites like Tell el-Oueili, Choga Mami, Tell Zeidan, Tell Aqab, Tell Kurdu, Tell Masaikh, and Chagar Bazar. Halaf-Ubaid Transitional pottery from Tell Begum is plentiful. | 5500 wikTGr 55-5400 wikHUT |
c.5400 | EARLY HALAF period ends. In the valley of the Khabur River (Nahr al-Khabur), of southeast Anatolia, Syria, and northwest Mesopotamia from 6100. Late Halaf begins until 5100. | 5400 wikHlf, wikTHf |
c.5400 | ERIDU agricultural village founded on a sand-dune site with no previous occupation by Sumerian ENKI. 3 cultures come together: • fisher-hunter cultures of Arabia living in reed houses • Samarra culture Living in rectangular houses • nomads living in tents in semi-desert areas Main deity is Enkidu, god of waters. It is 1st city to have a king. Wool is woven and there is evidence of obsidian trade. |
5400 bk, wikEr, wohiST 5000 mxfld, wohiST 4200 MCAW 4000 hifiS |
c.5400 | OUEILI phase of Ubaid period from 5500 ends. first excavated at Tell el-Oueili. ERIDU phase begins until 4700. | 5400 wikUb |
c.5300 | UBAID 3 ceramic phase of Ubaid period begins until 4700. . | 5300 wikUb |
c.5200 | GODIN TEPE in west Mesopotamia occupied as a trading outpost until 1400. | 5200 wikGT |
c.5200 | TELL BRAK in Syria, occupied by Halaf culture from 5900, now occupied by north Ubaid culture until 4400. | 5200 wikTBr |
c.5100 | Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period ends. Began 5450. | 52-5000 wikHUT 5000 wikTGr |
c.5100 | HALAF culture ends. Primarily in the valley of the Khabur River (Nahr al-Khabur), of southeast Anatolia, Syria, and northwest Mesopotamia from 6100. Late Halaf from 5400 ends. Ubaid culture spreads from south to north Mesopotamia, and takes over the Halaf culture. Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period begins in northwest Mesopotamia. Many Halafian settlements are abandoned, and the rest showed Ubaidian characters. | 5200 wikHUT 5100 wikHlf 5000 wikUb 4500 RAI3 48 4000 ISBE 1-265 |
c.5000 | World population: 5,000,000. | 5000 wodo, wikWP |
c.5000 | TEPE GAWRA in NW Mesopotamia occupied until 1500. | 5000 wikTGr |
c.5000 | ZIGGURATS V first built during Ubaid period. | 5-4100 Copilot |
c.5000 | NINEVEH, a Halaf village from 6000, transitions to an Ubaid village until ??. See 2000. | 5000 wikNnv |
c.5000 | Flooding in Persian Gulf from 8000 ends. | 5000 mxfld |
c.5000 | Alluvial plain is cultivated and irrigated. . | 5000 TWAH 16, TTPC |
by 5000 | People living in reed huts along the Persian Gulf on the Arabian peninsula trade with Mesopotamia. | by 5000 mxfld |
c.5000 | Villages in Fertile Crescent fight over water. Wars over water are fought in Mesopotamia. | 5000 TTPC, bk |
c.5000 | Domestic CATTLE, in Mesopotamia from 8500 become common. | 5000 TTPC |
c.5000 | BURIAL, practiced from Middle Paleolithic times, evidenced in Sumer. | 5000 wohiST |
c.5000 | Cooperative irrigation canals are built in Mesopotamia. | 5000 TTPC |
UBAID sites 5900-4300![]() |
map: Nord Nord West |
by 5000 | Cultivated grapes come from the Caucasus to Mesopotamia. | by 5000 mxfld |
5000 | Sumerians have irrigation systems as far as 3 miles on either side of a river. | 5000 mxfld |
c.5000 | Urbanization begins in south Mesopotamia until 4000. Animal domestication in sedentary communities. South has intensive irrigated hydraulic agriculture, and the plow, both introduced from the north, Specialised craftsmen, potters, weavers, metalworkers, but most are agricultural laborers, farmers and seasonal pastoralists. Social stratification produces an elite class of hereditary chiefs, perhaps heads of kin groups linked to administration of temple shrines and their granaries, responsible for maintaining order. | 5000 wikUb |
c.5000 | SAILING begins in Persian Gulf. | 5000 wikUb |
c.4900 | SAMARRA period, an offshoot of Hassuna, from 5500, ends. | 5000 RAI3 48 4900 wikS 4800 wikSm |
c.4800 | UBAID 2 phase of Ubaid period begins until 4500. Extensive canal networks begin near major settlements. | 4800 wikUb |
c.4700 | UBAID 3 ceramic phase of Ubaid period from 5300 ends. UBAID 4 ceramic phase begins until 4200. | 4700 wikUb |
c.4700 | ERIDU phase of Ubaid period from 5400 ends. UBAID 2 phase continues 4800-4500. Irrigation agriculture, develops first at Choga Mami. | 4700 wikUb |
c.4600 | Irrigation agriculture at Choga Mami from 4700, spreads, requires collective effort and centralised coordination of labor. | 4600 wikUb |
c.4500 | NEOLITHIC AGE in Mesopotamia from 12,000 ends. CHALCOLITHIC AGE begins until ?. COPPER is used by Sumerians from now on. |
5000 mxfld 4500 wikNl |
c.4500 | UBAID 2 phase of Ubaid period from 4800 ends. . | 4500 wikUb |
c.4500 | Boats sail on the Euphrates. | 4500 bk |
c.4500 | URUK founded by King Enmerkar. Under secular kings until 4000. Remains small until 3500. | 4500 himyUk, wohiST 3600 MCAW |
c.4500 | Λ PLOW V with a flint blade invented in Mesopotamia. | 5500 apwh 4500 PW 13 4000 Copilot, TAWH 16 |
c.4500 | BEER, evidenced in Levant from 10,000, V first evidenced in Mesopotamia from jug fragments at Godin Tepe. | 5-4000 Copilot |
c.4400 | TELL BRAK in Syria, occupied by north Ubaid culture from 5200, now occupied by Late Chalcolithic Terminal Ubaid culture until 4200. | 4400 wikTBr |
c.4200 | TELL BRAK in Syria, occupied by Late Chalcolithic Terminal Ubaid culture from 4400, now occupied by Late Chalcolithic north Early Uruk culture until 3900. City walls are built. | 4200 wikTBr |
c.4200 | Earliest temple at Tepe Gawra. . | 4200 wikTGr |
c.4200 | UBAID 4 ceramic phase of Ubaid period from 4700 ends. UBAID 5 begins until 3700. | 4200 wikUb, wikUkP |
c.4100 | WINE: Large scale production begins in Armenia. | 4100 Copilot |
c.4000 | World population: 7,000,000. | 4000 wodo, wikWP |
c.4000 | World population: 85,000,000. | 4000 TTPC |
c.4000 | Civilizations develop in Fertile Crescent. Earliest supposed dates for invention of the potter's wheel, domestication of chickens and horses, which are not ridden until ?. | 4000 ISBE 4-875, wikTop |
c.4000 | PLUMBING V invented in Mesopotamia. Clay sewer pipes are used in the Temple of Bel at Nippur and at Eshnunna, used to remove wastewater from sites and capture rainwater in wells. | 4000 Copilot |
c.4000 | ZAIPA (Tell Hammam et-Turkman) on the left bank of the Balikh River in north Syria inhabited until 3300. . | 44-3600 wikTHT' |
c.4000 | URUK, founded 4500, comes under priest-kings until 3400, begins expansion until 3200. The URUK PERIOD may begin depending on what source. During this period pottery painting declines as copper started to become popular, along with cylinder seals. | 4000 wikUk, wikUkP |
The term URUK PERIOD was coined at a conference in Baghdad in 1930, along with the preceding Ubaid and following Jemdet Nasr periods. Chronology of the Uruk period is so contradictory that I've trashed most of the references. wikUkP |
c.4000 | BRONZE CASTING begins in Mid East. | 4000 TAWH 16 |
c.4000 | SUMER, until now under Ubaidians, 1st inhabited by Sumerians. | 4000 IDB 4-454 |
c.4000 | ANU Λ ZIGGURAT V built at Uruk. Lasts until 3500. See Persia: 3000. | 4000 wikS, wikUk, wikUkP |
c.4000 | YOKE V, used for oxen in Mesopotamia to pull wagons & chariots. | 4000 B76 8-657 |
c.4000 | WINE PRESS inventted in Armenia. | 4000 Copilot |
c.4000 | Archaic MEASUREMENT V System adopted in Mesopotamia during the Uruk Period of Sumer. | 4000 wikAM |
c.3900 | The Sumerian religious center of Eridu is gradually surpassed in size by the nearby city of Uruk. | 4100 wikS, wikUk 3900 hifiUb 3750 RAI3 48, 67 3500 wikTop 3300 wikS 3100 WPOT |
c.3900 | TELL BRAK in Syria, occupied by Late Chalcolithic north Early Uruk culture from 4200, now occupied by Late Chalcolithic north Middle Uruk culture until 3600. The "Eye Temple" is built in this period. | 3900 wikTBr |
c.3800 | TELL AQAB in northeast Syria near the headwaters of the Khabur tributary of the Euphrates, occupied from 6000, abandoned. | 3800 wikTA |
c.3800 | URUK has 10,000 people. | 3800 bk |
c.3700 | Mass graves at Tell Brak in Syria. | 3700 wikTop |
c.3700 | UBAID PERIOD ends. began 6500. Ubaid 5 from 4200 ends. Large unwalled villages, multi-roomed rectangular mud-brick houses, first temples and public architecture in Mesopotamia. 2 tier settlement hierarchy of centralized large sites of more than 10 hectares surrounded by smaller villages of less than 1 hectare. Fine buff or greenish pottery with geometric designs in brown or black paint. Sickles made of hard fired clay in the south; stone and sometimes metal in the north. | 4100 wikS, wohiST 3900 hifiS, hifiUb 3750 RAI3 48 3700 wikUb, wikUkP 3500 ISBE 4-654 |
c.3600 | TELL BRAK in Syria, occupied by Late Chalcolithic north Middle Uruk culture from 3900, now occupied by Late Chalcolithic 4 culture until 3200. | 3600 wikTBr |
c.3500 | HOLOCENE CLIMATE OPTIMUM from 7500 ends. A global warm period. | 3500 wikHCO 3000 icseHCO wikS |
c.3500 | ARSIANTEPE on north Euphrates from ??, abandoned, and replaced by a monumental complex which appears to be the regional center of power until 3000. | 3500 wikUk, wikUkP |
c.3500 | CALENDAR of Nippur is based on older astronomical knowledge of uncertain origin. | 3500 wikAM |
c.3500 | Sumerians are governed by priests. | 3500 bk |
c.3500 | ![]() |
photo: Gryffindor 3500 wikCS, |
c.3500 | SEMITES 1st appear in Mesopotamia. | 3500 ISBE 4-690 |
c.3500 | HABUBA KABIRA trading post founded on the west Euphrates by Uruk. | 3500 wikHK 3100 PW 14 |
c.3500 | ![]() |
photo: tobeytravels 3500 wikS, wikUk, wikUkP |
c.3500 | In the Uruk Period ZIGGURATS V are built in every major city, honoring its patron deity. This continues thru the Early Dynastic Period. | 41-2900 Copilot |
c.3500 | Solid WHEELS V with axles, invented 5500, but just used for pottery, irrigation, and milling, now used in Sumer for vehicles drawn by animals. See 3000 | 45-3300 wikWl 42-4000 wikWl 3500 Copilot, MCAW, bk, hifiS, inenWIW ttcW 3000 mxfld |
c.3500 | Λ PLOWS with WHEELS are invented or brought to Mesopotamia. Cattle are used as beasts of burden about the same time. | 3500 mxfld |
c.3500 | URUK, founded 4500, has become a substantial town. | 3500 Sag2 19 |
c.3400 | URUK, under priest-kings from 4000, comes under 1st dynasty until 2500. | 3400 wikUk 2750 hifiUk |
c.3400 | OPIUM first cultivated by Sumerians. | 3400 anor |
c.3300 | ZAIPA (Tell Hammam et-Turkman) on the left bank of the Balikh River valley in north Syria from 4000, burnt and abandoned until ?. | 34-3200 wikTHT' |
c.3300 | Tell HADIDI on the west bank of the Euphrates in north Syria occupied until 1200. See 2300. | 3300 wikTHd |
c.3200 | India trades lapis lazuli to Mesopotamia and Egypt. | 3200 wikIMR |
c.3200 | TELL BRAK in Syria, occupied by Late Chalcolithic 4 culture from 3600, now occupied by Late Uruk / Late Chalcolithic 5 culture until 3000. | 3200 wikTBr |
c.3200 | PIORA OSCILLATION begins until 2900. An abrupt global cold and wet period. | 3900 wikPO 3200 wikS |
c.3200 | PROTO-LITERATE period in Mesopotamia begins until 2800. | 3300 wikSL 3200 LEWH 29 3100 ENBD 120 pre-3000 Sag2 28, wikS |
c.3200 | Λ PLUMBING: used in the Temple of Bel at Nippur and at Eshnunna from 4000, evidenced at Uruk. Brick latrines built atop interconnecting fired clay sewer pipes. | 3200 Copilot |
Uruk period terracotta pottery From Telloh, city of Girsu 3500-2900![]() |
3 photos by Marie-Lan Nguyen left middle right |
c.3200 | URUK-IV Period from ???, ends. | 3200 hifiUb 3100 RAI3 48, wikJNP, wikS 3000 Sag2 28 2700 WPOT |
c.3200 | URUK-III Period (aka Jemdet Nasr period) begins until 2900. | 3200 hifiKs, hifiUb, wikUk 3100 RAI3 48, wikJNP, wikS 3000 Sag2 28 2700 WPOT |
c.3200 | COPPER CASTING evidenced in Mesopotamia. | 3200 Copilot |
c.3195 | METEORS bombard Earth, resulting atmospheric dust-veil as evidenced as cold period in narrow tree rings, and other world events. | 3195 kpol 3123 CWH |
c.3129 | A stone potter's Λ WHEEL V is preserved at Ur. | 3129 inenWIW |
c.3112 | ADAM created if the Biblical flood occurred in 2900 BCE. | 3112 dstnr 3100 stnr |
c.3100 | Tell SWEYHAT on the east bank of the Euphrates opposite Tell Hadidi, occupied. Lasts until 1900. | 3100 wikSwh |
c.3100 | Pictographic and CUNEIFORM V WRITING developed in Sumer by priests to keep temple accounts, and record reigns of the "servant of the god" (king), and by kings to record triumphs. | 3600 wohiST 3500 TTPC 3400 bk 3300 RAI3 73 3100 MCAW, TAWH 15 3000 WPOT 181 2900 wikSL |
c.3100 | JEMDET NASR period begins until 2900. Tell consists of 2 adjacent mounds, A & B. Mound A is 160x140m, 2.9m high. Mound B, northeast of A, measures 350x300m, 3.5m above the modern plain. Proto-Cuneiform clay tablets, mudbrick buildings, kilns for firing pottery and baking bread. | 3300 MCAW 3200 ISBE 1-265 3150 RAI3 48, 67 3100 hifiS, wikJN, wikS 3000 Sag2 28 |
c.3100 | ![]() |
photo: Muhammed Amin 3100 wikMoW, wikUk |
c.3100 | Archaic Sumerian Language Period begins until 2500. | 3100 B76 17-797 |
c.3100 | SEMITES from southeast Arabia at Magan and Meluhha enter Mesopotamia. Their gods are Samsu (sun), Athar (Venus), Shahar (moon). | pre-3000 MOAR 6 p4 |
c.3100 | Sumerian trading post Habuba Kabira in Syria shows evidence of long distance trade. | 3100 PW 14 |
c.3100 | Domestic DONKEYS, in Levant from 3500, evidenced in Mesopotamia. | 3000 ISBE 4-894 36-3100 Copilot |
by 3000 | The Kish civilization had expanded into Nineveh. At this time, the main temple of Nineveh is dedicated to Semite goddess Ishtar. Ishtar of Nineveh is conflated with Sauska from the Hurro-Urartian pantheon. | by 3000 wikNnv |
by 3000 | A network of irrigation canals connects the Tigris and Euphrates to outlying farmlands. | by 3000 ISBE 4-1027 |
c.3000 | World population: 14,000,000. | 3000 wodo, wikWP |
c.3000 | World population 100,000,000. | 3000 TTPC |
c.3000 | CARCHEMISH on west bank of the Euphrates, occupied from 7000, founded as a city. | 3000 hifiCr |
c.3000 | EBLA founded, mostly in Levant. 1st kingdom of EBLA established until 2300. |
3000 wikEbl, wikHS |
c.3000 | TELL BRAK in Syria, occupied by Late Uruk / Late Chalcolithic 5 culture from 3200, abandoned, deliberately leveled by its occupants, occupied by Post-Uruk culture until 2900. | 3000 wikTBr |
c.3000 | ARSIANTEPE monumental complex on north Euphrates from 3500, destroyed by a fire. | 3000 wikUk, wikUkP |
c.3000 | MATH V: NUMBERING systems developed in Sumeria and Egypt: sexagesimal in Sumeria; decimal in Egypt. | 3000 MCAW |
c.3000 | Sumerians establish several city states in south Mesopotamia. Cities form a short lived federation under religious center at Nippur. | 3000 MCAW, TAWH 16 |
by 3000 | SILVER mining and metalurgy practiced in Near East. | by 3000 ISBE 4-512 |
c.3000 | Λ WHEEL V & AXLE, invented 5500, 1st used for bringing ore out of mine shafts. | 3000 B76 11-232 |
c.3000 | WHEELED VEHICLES used by Sumerians in battle. | 3000 ISBE 4-1034 |
c.3000 | Dromedary CAMEL (1 hump) domesticated as a pack animal in Mesopotamia and south Arabia. | 3000 ENBD 182 |
c.3000 | YOKE, used for oxen in Mesopotamia from 4000, now used for ONAGERS to pull wagons & chariots faster. | 3000 B76 8-657 |
c.3000 | ![]() |
photo: CC 3000 wikHAg 2800 TTPC, bk |
c.3000 | Persian Gulf is up to Eridu and Ur. | 3000 FLAP |
c.3000 | Uruk has 50,000 people. | 3000 bk |
c.3000 | A temple (probably to Anu) is built at Uruk similar to the Eridu temple, except that the platform is replaced by an artificial hill 40 feet high. A stairway is on the northeast slope. | 3000 KS 136 |
c.2978 | 1st dynasty of Uruk begins until 2550. MESKIAG ASHER becomes 1st en (priest or lord) until 2948. |
2978 SKL 2750 hifiUk |
c.2948 | MESKIAG ASHER, 1st en (priest or lord) of 1st dynasty of Uruk from 2978, ends. Son ENMERKAR succeeds until 2928. | 2948 SKL 2740 RAI2 |
c.2928 | ENMERKAR, 2nd en (priest or lord) of 1st dynasty of Uruk from 2948, ends. General LUGALBANDA succeeds until 2908. | 2928 SKL 2740 RAI2 2720 RAI2 |
c.2900 | PIORA OSCILLATION from 3200 ends. An abrupt global cold and wet period. | 3000 wikPO 2900 wikS |
c.2900 | TELL BRAK in Syria, occupied by Post-Uruk culture from 3000, now occupied by Ninevite 5 culture until 2400. | 2900 wikTBr |
c.2900 | MARI becomes a Semitic independent city state until 2550. It is on the Euphrates on trade routes between Sumer in the south and Ebla and Levant in the west. | 2900 hifiMr wikMri 2600 IDBS 567 |
c.2900 | JEMDET NASR period from 3100 ends. Tell consists of 2 adjacent mounds, A & B. Mound A is 160x140 m, 2.9 m high. Mound B, northeast of A, measures 350x300 m, 3.5 m above the modern plain. Proto-Cuneiform clay tablets, mudbrick buildings, kilns for firing pottery and baking bread. | 3000 MCAW 2900 RAI3 48, 67, Sag2 28, hifiKs, hifiS, wikJN, wikJNP, wikS 2850 LEWH 16 2800 Sag1 30 2700 wikS |
c.2900 | Sumerian ZIUSUDRA becomes king of Shuruppak until ?. In the WB-62 Sumerian king list recension, Ziusudra, or Zin-Suddu of Shuruppak, is listed as son of the last king of Sumer before a great flood. He is recorded as having reigned as king and gudug priest for 10 sars (periods of 3,600 years) - probably a copyist error for 10 years. Utnapishtim is the Akkadian translation of Ziusudra. | 2900 wikZsd, |
by 2900 | Sumerian LANGUAGE has developed, lasts until 1800. Archaic Sumerian begins until 2600, the earliest stage of inscriptions with linguistic content. | by2900 wikSL |
c.2900 | GREAT FLOOD "Shuruppak Flood" in Sumeria. | 2900 MCAW, RAI3 112, dstnr, stnr 29-2750 hifiKs |
Sumerian King List says: "Then the flood swept over. After the flood had swept over, and the kingship had descended from heaven, the kingship was in Kish."
The tale of Ziusudra is known from a single fragmentary tablet written in Sumerian, datable by its script to the 17th century BC (Old Babylonian Empire). wikZsd
c.2900 | 1st dynasty of KISH begins until 2650. GA-UR becomes king of 1st dynasty of Kish until ??. |
2900 hifiKs, rcM, wikEDPM |
c.2900 | EARLY DYNASTIC Period begins until
2334. EARLY DYNASTIC-I begins until 2750. |
3100 WPOT 3000 IDB 4-455 2900 RAI3 22, 79, Sag2 28, SOTS 22, hifiM, hifiS, hifiUb, wikEAP, wikEDPM, wikGlg, wikLMD, wikS, wikUk, wohiST 2850 LEWH 29 2800 ENBD 120, FLAP, ISBE 1-265, Sag1 30 |
c.2900 | BRONZE AGE begins in Mesopotamia until 1200. EARLY BRONZE begins until 1900. |
3300 wikBA, wikTop 2900 wikBA |
c.2900 | South Mesopotamia has @ 50 towns. | 2900 Sag2 27 |
c.2900 | Λ ZIGGURAT V at Ur is begun until 2100. | 2900 MCAW |
c.2900 | ESHNUNNA, in the Diyala Valley, is occupied. Patron deity Tishpak. | 3000 wikEsn 2900 hifiEs |
c.2800 | ![]() |
front: pub dom back: Metropolitan Museum of Art. 29-2700 wikEDPM, wikSU, |
c.2800 | PROTO-LITERATE period ends. In Mesopotamia from 3200, ends with end of Jemdet Nasr. OLD SUMERIAN LITERARY Period begins until 2350. Akkadian language is first attested, and survives with Sumerian until c.1800. Writing becomes intelligible. Archaic texts of Ur are earliest tablets that can be fully interpreted The temple establishment headed by council of elders led by a priestly "En" shifts to a more secular Lugal (Lu = man, Gal = great). |
2900 RAI3 22, wikS, wikSL, wikUk 2850 LEWH 29 2800 ENBD 120, FLAP, RAI2 35, 74, Sag1 30, SOTS 72, hifiAk, wikS |
c.2800 | KISH becomes dominant in Sumeria after flood. Sumerian ETANA is 1st king until ????. Kings have Sumerian & Semite names. North Semites gain power. | 2800 MCAW 2750 hifiKs |
c.2800 | ASSHUR occupied by nomads under Ushpia. | 2800 ISBE 1-333 |
c.2800 | ADAB, south of Nippur, comes under Mari until 2550. | 2800 rcM |
c.2800 | ETANA, king of Kish, dies, and is said to have risen to heaven on the back of an eagle. Son BALIH succeeds until ???. | 2800 MCAW |
c.2800 | GORDYENE, independent from ?, comes under Akkad until 2191. | 2800 rcM |
c.2750 | MASHDA, king of 1st dynasty of Kish from ??, ends. ARPU-RIM succeeds and ends. ETANA succeeds until ??. | 2750 rcM |
c.2750 | EARLY DYNASTIC-I Period ends. Began
2900. EARLY DYNASTIC-II Period begins until 2600. |
2800 hifiM, hifiUb, wikUk 2750 RAI3 122, wikEDPM, wikLMD 2750-2700 wikEAP 2700 Sag2 28, WPOT |
c.2700 | LUGALBANDA, 3rd en (priest or lord) of 1st dynasty of Uruk from 29xx, ends. DUMUZI succeeds until 2680. | 2700 RAI2 |
c.2700 | IL-TASADUM, en (priest or lord) of 1st dynasty of Kish from ??, ends. ENMEBARAGESI succeeds until 2670. | 2700 B76 11-971, RAI3 123 2615 rcM |
c.2700 | ENMEBARAGESI, king of Etanna dyn of Kish, attacks and defeats Elamites. KISH again surpasses Uruk as dominant city in Sumer. | 2700 MCAW, bk 2615 hifiKs |
c.2700 | KISURRA founded on west bank of the Euphrates. City god is Ninurta. | 2700 hifiKsr, wikKsr, ' |
c.2700 | ARAMEANS mentioned as Sutu or Sutiu in Akkadian records. | 2700 IDB 1-190 |
c.2700 | Following Lugalbanda's reign, domination of Sumer passes from Uruk back to Kish, but the king list still has Uruk as possessor of kingship. | 2700 hifiUk |
c.2700 | ![]() |
photo: Fletcher Fund 2900-2550 wikTAH |
c.2680 | DUMUZI, 4th en (priest or lord) of 1st dynasty of Uruk from 2700, ends. GILGAMESH succeeds until 2660. | 2800 stnr 2700 rcM 2680 RAI2 2600 bk |
c.2679 | WALL built by Gilgamesh around Uruk, which is the 1st walled city in Mesopotamia. | 2700-2650 B76 11-970 |
c.2675 | GILGAMESH, king of Uruk, rebels against Kish. | 2675 MCAW, bk |
c. 2675 | Gilgamesh Epic , begun in Sumerian Λ CUNEIFORM V in Uruk. Sumerian version 2150. | 3000 TTPC 2675 MCAW |
c. 2675 | FOODS mentioned in Gilgamesh Epic: caper buds, wild cucumbers, figs, grapes, several edible leaves and stems, honey, meat seasoned with herbs, pancakes made of barley flour mixed with sesame seed flour and onions. | 3000 TTPC |
c.2670 | ENMEBARAGESI, king of 1st (Etanna) dyn of Kish from 2700, ends. Son AGGA succeeds until 2650. | 2881 SKL 2670 RAI2 2585 hifiKs, rcM |
c.2670 | AGGA, king of 1st (Etanna) dyn of Kish 2700-2650, tries to suppress GILGAMESH, en of Uruk, fails. | no date: RAI3 115, hifiKs, wikAgK ' |
c.2660 | GILGAMESH V, 5th en (priest or lord) of 1st dynasty of Uruk from 2680, ends. URLUGAL-I succeeds until 26??. His descendants rule Uruk and Kish until 2560. | 2660 RAI3 140 |
c.2650 | AGGA, last king of 1st (Etanna) dyn of Kish from 2700, overthrown by Meskiag-nunna, son of Massanepada, king of Ur. No king until 2605. | Tummal inscription RAI3 115 2650 hifiKs, wikAgK, |
c.2650 | 1st dynasty of Kish from 2900 ends. No king until 2605. | 2600 hifiKs, wikEDPM |
c.2650 | Sumer, dominated by Kish from 2900, dominated by Uruk until 2560. | 2650 hifiKs |
c.2650 | Λ MEASUREMENT: Cubit of Nippur becomes part of the archaic measurement system. | 2650 wikAM |
c.2650 | MUSIC: 2 silver pipes, one with 4 finger holes, the other with 1, are deposited in a royal grave at Ur. | 2650 ISBE 3-443 |
c.2605 | KISH, kingless from 2650, 2nd dynasty of Kish begins until 2430. MESILIM (not on king lists) is king until ???. | 2605 2550 hifiKs, rcM, no date: |
c.2600 | EARLY ASSYRIAN Period begins until 2025. | 2600 wikA, wikEAP |
c.2600 | TELL BRAK in Syria, occupied by Ninevite 5 culture 29-2400, renamed Nagar. | 2600 wikTBr |
c.2600 | MESILIM, 1st king of 2nd dynasty of Kish, draws border between Umma and Lagash, a contentious point between these 2 cities. His decision, accepted by both parties, favors Lagash. | 2600 2550 hifiLg, hifiUm 2510 bk no date hifiKs |
by 2600 | Sumerian LANGUAGE: Archaic Sumerian, the earliest stage of inscriptions with linguistic content, from 2900 ends. Old or Classical Sumerian begins until 2100. | by 2600 wikSL 2500 B76 17-797 |
c.2600 | EARLY DYNASTIC-II Period ends. Began
2750. EARLY DYNASTIC-III Period begins until 2334. |
2600 RAI3 122, Sag2 28, WPOT, hifiM, hifiUb, hifiUr, wikEAP, wikEDPM, wikLMD, wikS, wikUk |
c.2600 | ASSUR founded as capital of Assyria, but there is no evidence that it is independent until 2025. | 2600 wikA, wikEAP |
c.2600 | ![]() |
photo: Nic McPhee 2600 wikCS, wikPb |
c.2600 | Fara Texts shows Amorite pressure already in Mesopotamia. (Fara = Shuruppak.) The Fara god list shows that sometimes Enlil, Inanna and Enki were the most significant deities. | 2600 WPOT 108 no date: wikLMD |
War panel of the Standard of Ur![]() |
photo: {{PD-US}} |
c.2600 | Standard of Ur created for tomb of Ur-Pabilsag, a king who died c.2550. Found in a tomb at Ur next to the skeleton of a ritually sacrificed man who may have been its bearer. A hollow wooden box 21.59cm wide by 49.53cm long. Scenes of war and peace portrayed on each side by inlaid mosaics of shell, red limestone and lapis lazuli. The peace side shows comfort, music, and prosperity. The war side shows the king, his armies, and chariots trampling enemies. Purpose unknown. | 2600 wikEDPM, wikStUr wikUb |
Peace panel of the Standard of Ur![]() |
photo: {{PD-US}} |
c.2600 | ![]() |
photo: {{PD-US}} 2500 wikWl |
c.2600 | ![]() |
picture: L. Legrain 2600 wikGlg |
c.2600 | AKKADIAN nomads from ?? migrate into Sumer, begin to adopt Sumerian culture, word signs, syllable signs. | 2600 Akkadian Grammar V |
c.2600 | Instructions of Shuruppak Shuruppak gives instructions to his son: "Do not buy an ass which brays too much. Do not commit rape upon a man's daughter, do not announce it to the courtyard. Do not answer back against your father, do not raise a 'heavy eye'." Story refers in a later version to Ziusudra, who had become a venerable figure in literary tradition. | 2600 wikZsd 26-2500 wikISh, |
c.2600 | Oxen used with plows in Sumer. | 2600 TTPC 5, bk |
c.2560 | KISH under Uruk from 2660, no longer so. | 2560 RAI3 140 |
c.2560 | UR, small farming villages from ?, consolidates to a center of industry, sacred to god Nanna, and possibly under Kish. MESKALAMDUG is ruler with queen Puabi (Shubad) until 2550?. 1st DYNASTY of UR begins until 2445. | 2700 MCAW 2660 RAI3 136 2650 RAI2? 116 2600 hifiUr 2560 RAI3 140 2520 MCAW 2500 hifiUr, wikEDPM |
According to the Sumerian King List , there were 4 kings in the 1st Dynasty of Ur: Mesannepada, Meskiagnuna, Elulu, and Balulu. 2 other kings earlier than Mesannepada are known from other sources. wik1DU,
c.2550 | Λ CUNEIFORM V texts from Shuruppak and Abu Salabikh are written in Sumerian. | 2550 wikPAs |
c.2550 | MARI, a Semitic independent city state from 2900 in the middle of the Euphrates trade routes between Sumer and the 1st Eblaite kingdom and Levant in the west, abandoned until 2510. | 2550 wikMri |
c.2550 | ADAB, south of Nippur, under Mari from 2800, comes under Kish until 2100. | 2550 rcM |
c.2550 | AFTERLIFE hypothesized: 74 attendants, drivers, musicians, servants, all take poison to be buried with king and queen at Ur. Royal grave goods include a gold helmet, a harp, art showing "master of beasts" theme, scenes of prosperity, and a donkey mascott. | 2600 MCAW 2550 bk |
2550? | ![]() |
photo: Gary Todd no date: wik1DU, |
c.2550 | LAGASH 1st dynasty (but not kings until 2520) begins until 2380. Border conflict with Umma begins for same period. EN-HEGAL becomes ensi until ?. |
2570 wikLg 2550 hifiS, hifiUb 2500 wikS, wikLg |
c.2550 | UR NINA, ensi of Lagash dies, leaving inscriptions on buildings and a bas relief of himself and his family. Son AKURGAL succeeds until 2450. | 2550 MCAW, 2460 wikLg |
c.2530 | ![]() Carnelian beads excavated from the Royal Cemetery of Ur are imports from the Indus Valley. Many of them have etched designs in white made by a technique of acid-etching developed by the Harappans. |
photo: Hall, H. R. 2600-2500 wikIMR 2600-2450 wikIMR, |
c.2525 | MESANNEPADDA, king of 1st dynasty of Ur from 25??, ends. ANNEPADA succeeds until 2485. | 2525 RAI3 no date: wik1DU, |
c.2510 | MARI, abandoned from 2550, rebuilt as the capital of a hegemonic East Semitic state until 2290. | pre-2500 wikMri |
Mesopotamia 2500-2001
V