Britain 0-100

c.1

Calleva Atrebatum (Silchester), inner earthwork, constructed encloses an area of 32 hectares until 45 as a capital of the Atrebates.

1 wikCA

c.5

DUMNOVELLAUNUS, king of the Trinovantes, Catuvelauni and Canti from 5 BC, ends.
VOSENUS succeeds in Canti until 10.
TASCIOVANUS succeeds over the Catuvelauni until 9.

5 MCAW, rcC, rcCE

c.7

TINCOMMIUS, king of the Atrebates from 25 BC, driven out by bro EPILLUS, who succeeds until 20.

1 OCD 1078 7 rcC rcCE
no date: OCD 144

c.9

TASCIOVANUS, king of the Catuvelauni at Verulamium from 5, ends. CUNOBELIN of the Trinovantes succeeds until 41. He moves capital from Verulamium to Camulodunum in Trinovantes land.

5 B76 3-194, MCAW
9 wikKB, wikTs
10 B76 III-297, rcC, rcCE

c.9

CUNOBELIN invades Trinovantes land, in violation of treaty 54 BC.

5 MCAW
9 OCD 301

c.9

CAMULODUNUM, in Trinovantes land, taken by Cunobelin, king of the Catuvelauni, under them until 43.

5 MCAW
9 OCD 200, 301 10 B76 III-297

c.10

VOSENUS, king of the Canti from 5, ends. EPILLUS king of the Atrebates from 7, becomes king of Belgae, and Canti until 25.

10 rcC, rcCE

14 Aug 19

AUGUSTUS dies. TIBERIUS succeeds until 37.

c.20

Son of Commius, EPILLUS, king of Atrebates, Belgae, and Canti from 7, loses the Atrebates. VERICA succeeds until 42.

15 rcC, rcCE
no date: OCD 144

c.25

EPILLUS, king of the Belgae, and Canti from 7, ends. AMMINIUS succeeds as king of the Canti until 40.

25 rcC, rcCE

c.35

Factions appear in court of Cunobelin. Pro-Roman under son Amminius; anti-Roman under sons Togodumnus and Caratacus.

35 MCAW

CUNOBELIN, king of the Catuvelauni and Trinovantes at Verulamium 9-41, banishes son ADMINIUS, who goes to Gaul.

35 CDCC 246 40 B76 III-297, EBRB 56

37 Mar 16

TIBERIUS dies. CALIGULA succeeds until 41.

c.39

Adminius and other exiled members of the Catuvelaunian dynasty meet CALIGULA and ask him to invade Britain.

39/40 wikRB

CALIGULA leads his 200,000 man army to the channel, intending to invade Britain, decides against it, gathers some sea shells "the spoils of conquered ocean", and returns to Rome.

39 GHH, MCAW, accla 40 wikRB

AMMINIUS, king of the Canti from 25, ends. CARATACUS succeeds until 43.

40 rcC, rcCE

41 Jan

CALIGULA dies. CLAUDIUS succeeds until 54.

Temple to Claudius built at Camulodunum.

41 MCAW

CUNOBELIN dies. King of the Catuvelauni and Trinovantes at Verulamium from 9 CE. Sons TOGODUMNUS and CARATACUS succeed until 43.

41 EBRB, MCAW, OCD 181, rcC, rcCE 42 B76 II-546, III-297, wikKB 43 CDCC 246

Burial mound raised at Lexden near Camulodunum for either Cunobelinus or a noble of his. Buried with a war chariot and many grave goods, which are by now more Roman than Celtic.

41 MCAW

VERICA, king of the Atrebates from 20, dethroned.

42 CDCC 246

ANTENDRIGA and VERICA fight for throne of the Iceni. Verica appeals to Rome.

43 EBRB

Aulus PLAUTIUS, with 4 legions in north Gaul, faces a mutiny by Gallic infantry, who don't want to cross to Britain, because they think the ocean is the boundary of the human world. They are persuaded by Claudius's freedman and secretary Narcissus.

43 B76 3-194, wikAPl

Aulus PLAUTIUS, with 4 legions: 50,000+ men invades Britain, lands on the east coast of Canti unopposed, ostensibly to restore Verica, as king of the Atrebates and an ally of Rome.
1st expedition since Caesar left in 54 BC.

43 B76 3-194, CDCC 146, DGRBM 3-406, GHH, LEWH, MCAW, TToH, reCld, wikAPl, wikCld, wikRC

VESPASIAN, a legate of Legion-II Augusta at Argentorate (Strassbourg) in Germany from 41, is transferred with II Augusta to Britain. He commands the left wing.

43 DGRBM 2-1138, 3-1246, OCD 105, 1115, britVs, wikVs

BRITAIN is under 4 legions until 90.

43 implied

Aulus PLAUTIUS surprises and defeats Togodumnus and the Catuvelauni in east Canti.

43 B76 II-546, 3-194, CAH 10, GHH, LEWH, wikAPl

Aulus PLAUTIUS defeats Caratacus decisively on the Medway crossing near Rochester, from which Caratacus escapes to Wales.

map:
GNU FDL

43 B76 II-546, 3-194, MCAW, TToH, wikAPl

TOGODUMNUS, co-king of the Catuvelauni 41-43, defeated by Plautius on the Thames.

43 wikAPl

Co-king of the Catuvelauni from 41, TOGODUMNUS dies. Bro CARATACUS, king of the Canti from 40, succeeds until 51. CANTI comes under Rome until 395.

43 B76 3-194, GHH, rcC, rcCE, wikAPl

Aulus PLAUTIUS could advance to Camulodunum, but halts at the Thames, and sends for Claudius to give him credit for the final victory.

43 B76 3-194, GHH, wikAPl

Fort RUTUPIAE (later Richborough) founded near the mouth of the Stour by Plautius where he landed near the coast of Canti.

43 wikRC

Aulus PLAUTIUS becomes governor of Britain until 46, makes hqs at Londinium.

43 MCAW, wikAPl, wikGRB

c.43

LONDINIUM founded by Aulus Plautius.

43 B76 11-96, TToH, TTPC 47 CDCC 528 49 GHH

Durovernum Cantiacorum (Canterbury) taken by Romans, becomes a military post until c.60.

43 alog, wikDC

Aulus PLAUTIUS sends 2 legions into the midlands, one north, and Legion-II Augusta under Vespasian west.

43 B76 19-95 MCAW

c.43

Wessex hill forts, including Maiden Castle near Durnovaria taken by Vespasian.

43 GHH, MCAW 44 B76 3-194

CAMULODUNUM, capital of the Catuvelauni from 9 CE, taken by Aulus Plautius, under Rome until 61. Becomes 1st legionary fort in Britain.

43 B76 X-126, 3-194, CAH 10-676, GHH, OCD 200, wikClc

c.43

Vespasian, commanding II Augusta takes the Isle of Wight off the south coast.

43 DGRBM 3-1246, GHH, MCAW, britVs 44 B76 3-194

South and east Britain conquered by Plautius. The area corresponding to England is now under Rome.

43 MCAW, woER

43 mid

CLAUDIUS, with some X-consuls, and additional forces including elephants, from Rome arrives in Britain to claim credit for Plautius victory.

43 B76 4-696, CDCC 208, DGRBM 1-776, GHH, LEWH, MCAW, TTPC, reCld, wikCld

Legion XIV Martia, in Moguntiacum from 9, is sent to Britain until 67.

43 wikL14

CLAUDIUS receives submission of many tribes at Camulodunum.

43 MCAW

The "king of Orkney" is among 11 British kings submitting to Claudius.

43 wikSRE

CAMULODUNUM, under Romans 43-61, rebuilt as a fortress by Claudius for his officials.

43 CDCC 160, MCAW

VERULAMIUM granted self-government (municipium) by Claudius.

43 MCAW 50 wikSAl

CLAUDIUS, in Britain only a few days, returns to Rome.

43 DGRBM 1-776, GHH, MCAW, reCld

COGIDUBNUS, king of the Regni of west Sussex, entitled "King and legate of Augustus in Britain".

43 MCAW

ALAUNA (later Alchester) established for Legion II Augusta by Vespasian until 49.

43 wik2Ag

NOVIOMAGUS REGINORUM (later Chichester) established in Atrebates land as a winter fort for Legion II Augusta by Vespasian. Abandoned a few years later.

43 wikNR

War between Caratacus and Aulus Plautius.

43 GHH

CARATACUS in Wales recruits an army of Silures.

44 MCAW

COGIDUBNUS becomes client king of the Atrebates until 75.

43 OCD 144, 258 44 EBRB

Map by Pomponius Mela 43CE reconstructed by Konrad Miller 1898 Photo {{PD-US}}

Fosse Way map Neddyseagoon

The FOSSE WAY, a trench-mound from Isca Dumnoniorum (Exeter) in the southwest to Lindum (Lincoln) in the northeast, becomes the west boundary of Roman Britain. A road will be built c.55 fortified (in some parts) with a ditch (Fosse).

43 wikFW by 47 owws

CARTIMANDUA becomes queen of the Brigantes until 69, with Venutius, who reigns until 72.

43 rcC, rcCE

Aulus PLAUTIUS is 1st governor of Britain until 47.

43 wikAPl 44 CAH 10-499, wikGRB

43 late

BRITAIN becomes an imperial province until 410 fringed by several client kingdoms.

43 CAH 10-676, IDB 4-104 44 EBRB 50 EBRB

43 - 47

map author: Creative Commons

Flavius SABINUS, bro of Vespasian, serves under Aulus PLAUTIUS in Britain.

45 DGRBM 3-689

Calleva Atrebatum (Silchester), capital of the Atrebates from 1 CE, occupied by Romans, enlarged to about 40 hectares (99 acres).

43 wikCA 45 wikCA, wikSlc

CASTLE HILL, site of future fort Duroliponte 70CE, comes under Rome until 395.

47 rcCE

Aulus PLAUTIUS governor of Britain from 43, returns to Rome, P. Ostorius SCAPULA succeeds until 52. Though Britain remains imperial, it is governed by senatorial legates.

47 B76 3-194, CAH 10-682, DGRBM 3-406, MCAW, OCD 762, wikGRB, wikAPl, wikScap 50 EBRB, GHH

Ostorius SCAPULA governor of Britain 46-52, orders tribes on his side of the line to disarm.

47 MCAW

Roman boundary line established in Britain between the Trent and the Severn. Within it are grain growing lands.

47 MCAW

ALCHESTER fort founded by Romans just north of the Fosse Way.

47 wikAlc

LEICESTER near a bridge on the Fosse Way, visited by Romans, begins as the tribal capital of the Corieltauvi under the name Ratae Corieltauvorum.

47 wikLc

CARATACUS in Wales raids into Roman territory until 50.

47 Dur 3-452, MCAW

47 fall

The ICENI of East Anglia, and others rebel. OSTORIUS reacts quickly. They are subdued, but allowed to remain nominally independent. PRASUTAGUS becomes client king of the Iceni until 60.

TAn 12:31
47 B76 4-696, MCAW, rcCE
50 EBRB

47/8

WATLING STREET begun by Romans from the bridgehead on the Thames straight to what will become Newgate on the west side of the Londinium wall. It will not be named until after the Saxon invasion.

47/8 wikWS

Ostorius SCAPULA governor of Britain 46-52, helps Cartimandua, pro-Roman queen of Brigantes, quell anti-Roman disturbances.

48 B76 II-600, EBRB

Ostorius SCAPULA governor of Britain 46-52, begins conquest of Albion (Wales) until 78.

48 LEWH, TTPC

c.48

GLEVUM (Gloucester), fort built by Romans at an important crossing of River Severn, and near the Fosse Way. Remains a fort until 96/7.

48 wikGl

MENDIP LEAD MINES exploited by Romans, evidenced by an inscription on a block of iron.

by 49 SHT 9
49 EBRB 77, MCAW mndt

Legion XX, at Camulodunum from ?, moves west.

49 wikClc

CAMULODUNUM, under Romans 43-61, becomes a veteran colony for retired Roman soldiers.

49 B76 3-195 50 EBRB
by 59 MCAW

Legion II Augusta, at Alauna (later Alchester) from 43, moves to Waddon Hill until 55.

49 wik2Ag

Colonia Claudia VICTRICENSIS founded near Camulodunum until 61 by Ostorius Scapula as a veteran colony and example of Roman civilization.

49 B76 3-195, OCD 200, wikScap

BRIGANTES defeated by Romans.

50 B76 II-269, GHH

Manlius VALENS becomes legate of a legion in Britain.

50 DGRBM 3-1207

Ostorius Scapula carries on the war in the west successfully.

50 GHH, HRRP 4.1-422

47 - 52

map author: Creative Commons

LONDON BRIDGE: the temporary bridge over the Thames is replaced by a permanent timber piled bridge, maintained and guarded by a small garrison until 61.

50 wikLB

Revolt of the Iceni of East Anglia suppressed. Caratacus heads the Silures.

50 GHH

c.50

URICONIUM, capital of the Cornovii, on the Severn River on a route to the south leading to the Wye valley is used as a frontier post for a cohort of Thracian Auxiliaries under P. Ostorius Scapula until 53.

no date: wikVC

c.50

LINDUM (Lincoln), built by legion IX Hispania. Remains just a fort until 71.

50 wik9Hs

c.50

Castrum DEVA VICTRIX (Chester) at the mouth of the Dee occupied.

50 OCD 333 60 rcCE

CARATACUS, head of the Silures in Shropshire Wales, rebels, harasses the Romans.

51 EBRB, GHH

CARATACUS is decisively defeated at Caer Caradocby Ostorius Scapula with legions IX and XX Valeria Victrix and captured along with his wife. Caratacus escapes to his mother-in-law queen Cartimandua of the Brigantes. She treacherously delivers Caratacus to Ostorius.

50 wikCld 51 B76 II-600, CAH 10, CDCC 169, GHH, LEWH, MCAW, OCD 204, 209, rcCE, wik9Hs , wikRB, no date: wik20VV

Caratacus, former king of the Silures in Shropshire Wales, is brought before Claudius, then sent to Rome.

51 GHH
52 EBRB 63

Governor of Britain from 47, P. Ostorius SCAPULA dies of exhaustion. Manlius Valens takes over until A. Didius GALLUS arrives, and becomes governor until 57.

TAn 12:40 51 GHH
52 OCD 457, 762, wikGRB, wikScap 54 EBRB 64
no date: DGRBM 2-227

c.53

URICONIUM, capital of the Cornovii, under Thracian Auxiliaries from 50, taken over by Legion XIV Martia until 80 and enlarged to prepare for invasion of Albion (Wales).

53 EBRB post-55 wikWrx
no date: wikVC

c.53

WROXETER fort founded at Uriconium on the Severn River on a route to the south leading to the Wye valley.

55 wikWrx

CAERLEON fortress founded on Usk River on south coast of Albion (Wales). See 75.

53 EBRB

DRUID religion outlawed by Claudius, who, according to Suetonius, "completely abolished the barbarous and inhuman religion of the Druids in Gaul". (see 61)

54 PD 119, 127

54 Oct 13

CLAUDIUS dies. NERO succeeds until 68.

52 - 57

map author: Creative Commons

c.55

CAERDYF hillfort built on the Dyf river by the Silures in Wales. See 75.

50-60 wikHCrd

Legion II Augusta, at Waddon Hill from 49, moves to Exeter until 66.

55 wik2Ag

c.55

ISCA Dumnoniorum (later Exeter), a 42-acre rectangular fort built on the Usk River at the southwest terminus of the Fosse Way for Legion II Augusta which stays there until 75.

55 wikID, wikXtr

c.55

BURRIUM fortress is built by Aulus Didius Gallus, on the Usk River until 75.

55 wikUs

c.55

Legion XX Valeria Victrix under Manlius Valens is moved by Aulus Didius Gallus from Glevum to Usk Wales, in an unsuccessful attempt to pacify the Silures in Wales.

55 wik20VV, wikUs

c.55

Doctor's grave at Camulodunum has earliest identifiable surgical instruments in Britain.

50-60 CDCC 160

A. Didius GALLUS governor of Britain from 52, ends. Q. VERANIUS succeeds until 59.

TAn 14:29 57 wikGRB, wikQV 58 DGRBM 3-1240, OCD 459

Q. VERANIUS, governor of Britain, operates against the Silures.

map: Creative Commons

57 wikQV

Cartimandua has affair with Velocatus, her husband Venutius's armor bearer.

57 CDCC 169

VENUTIUS, anti-Roman king of Brigantes 43-72, tries to oust pro-Roman queen from 43, Cartimandua, prevented by Romans, reigns with her until her death 69.

57 B76 II-600, rcCE

Gn. Julius AGRICOLA serves under Suetonius Paulinus in Britain until 62.

58 wikAgr

4 Legions are now in Britain.

59 MCAW

Q. VERANIUS, governor of Britain from 57, dies. C. Suetonius PAULINUS succeeds until 62.

TAn 14:29 58 DGRBM 3-1240, wikGRB 59 B76 I-144, 3-195, DGRBM 3-145, GHH, LEWH, MCAW

Suetonius PAULINUS begins training soldiers for conquest of Albion (Wales).

59 MCAW

TITUS Flavius Vespasian, military tribune in Germany from 57, ends. Soon goes with reinforcements to Britain until 63.

59 wikTt

C. Suetonius PAULINUS invades Albion (Wales).

map author: Creative Commons

60 MCAW

c.60

PRASUTAGUS dies. King of the Iceni in East Anglia from 47. Leaves his kingdom jointly to wid BOUDICA, their daus, and Rome.

59 rcCE, wikNr 60 B76 V-279, 3-195, MCAW, OCD 177 60/1 DGRBM 1-493 61 B76 15-1112, rcC

c.60

C. Suetonius PAULINUS crosses the Menai Straits to Mona (Anglesey) island, interrupts Druids performing human sacrifice, massacres inhabitants, destroys Druid shrine and sacred groves.

TAn 14:29 60 B76 3-195, GHH, wikAng 61 DGRBM 3-145, DGRG 2-368, EBRB, MCAW, LEWH

c.61

DRUID religion in Britain, supposedly abolished in 54, still being abolished, according to Tacitus, who again thinks it's stamped out.

60 wikAng
61 MCAW, PD 119

c.60

BOUDICA is flogged, and her 2 daus raped by Romans.

60 MCAW 61 EBRB 65

Gn. Julius AGRICOLA becomes aide to Suetonius Paulinus in Britain until 62.

60 CDCC 25, DGRBM 1-76, GHH

c.60

Durovernum Cantiacorum (Canterbury) Roman military post from 43 demilitarized, becomes a civitas until 410?.

60 alog

CAESAROMAGUS (Chelmsford) founded as a town around a newly built Roman fort.

60 wikClm

c.61

Large Roman loans made to British nobles to Romanize themselves are called in. Chief creditor is Seneca.

61 MCAW

c.61

Camulodunum: Roman statue of victory falls over causing religious fervor and prophesy among Druids. Romans appeal for help to procurator Decianus

TAn 14:32
60 B76 II-1048, OCD 200

c.61

TRINOVANTES at Camulodunum, under Romans from 43, forced to maintain temple of Claudius, massacre 70,000 Romans and Romano-Britons at Camulodunum, Verulamium, and Londinium. Revolt begins until later 61.

60 B76 X-126, CDCC 143 60/1 B76 12-966, CDCC 147 61 Dur 3-452, MCAW, TTPC 62 GHH

c.61

BOUDICA and the Iceni rebel, and are joined by the Trinovantes.

TAn 14:29 60/1 B76 3-195, wikRB 61 B76 15-1112, LEWH, MCAW, TTPC 62 DGRBM 1-493, GHH

c.61

The BRIGANTES under Cartimandua do not join the revolt.

60 CDCC 169

c.61

Petilius CEREALIS, commanding legion IX Hispana tries to relieve Camulodunum, and is defeated by the Iceni. Only the cavalry escapes.

TAn 14:32 62 DGRBM 1=673, wik9Hs

c.61

CAMULODUNUM, under Romans from 43, sacked and burnt by the Trinovantes and Iceni.

TAn 14:32 60 B76 II-1048, OCD 200 61 LEWH, wikClc 62 GHH

Colonia Claudia VICTRICENSIS, near Camulodunum from 49 with a Roman theater and senate house, destroyed by the Trinovantes and Iceni.

61 prs

c.61

LONDINIUM sacked and burnt by the Trinovantes and Iceni. Inhabitants massacred.

60 B76 II-1048, CDCC 528, OCD 200 61 LEWH, TTPC 62 GHH

c.61

VERULAMIUM burnt; inhabitants destroyed. Britons become furious. In a few days 70,000 Romans and native confederates are killed.

60/1 B76 X-408, OCD 200, 61 B76 3-195, 15-1112, LEWH, wikSAl 62 GHH

c.61

LONDON BRIDGE, a permanent timber bridge maintained by Romans from 50, probably destroyed by Trinovantes and Iceni until 63.

60 wikLB

c.61

C. Suetonius PAULINUS on Mona (Anglesey) island, learns of Boudica revolt, returns to Wales, defeats the rebels somewhere in the midlands.

TAn 14:31 61 GHH

c.61

Campaign in Wales is interrupted by Iceni revolt. Suetonius PAULINUS marches from Wales to Londinium.

62 GHH

c.61

C. Suetonius PAULINUS withdraws from Londinium to more defensible terrain.

TAn 14:33

c.61

BOUDICA defeated, and her army routed by legions XIV Martia and XX Valeria Victrix. 80,000 Britons are indiscriminately massacred. Revolt ends.

TAn 14:37 61 MCAW, TTPC, wik20VV, wikL14 62 GHH

c.61

BOUDICA dies, kills her daus, then suicides by poison.

TAn 14:37 61 MCAW, rcCE 61/2 LEWH 62 GHH
no date: OCD 177

Legion XIV Martia, in Britain 43-67, receives the added name Victrix .

61 wikL14

Gn. Julius Agricola, aide to Suetonius in Britain from 60, returns to Rome.

62 CDCC 25, wikAgr

Romans under Cereailis flee, and procurator Decianus Catus escapes to Gaul.

TAn 14:32 62 GHH

Julius CLASSICUS Acratus arrives with 2,000 legionaries, 8 cohorts of auxiliaries, 1,000 cav. to replace Catus as procurator under Paulinus.

TAn 14:38 62 GHH

Julius CLASSICUS Acratus favors restoration of peace. Paulinus wants total victory. Classicus writes to Rome that peace is impossible unless Paulinus is replaced.

TAn 14:38
61 OCD 244 62 GHH

Freedman POLYCLITUS is sent from Rome to mediate between Paulinus and Classicus.

TAn 14:39 61 CAH 10-727 62 GHH

C. Suetonius PAULINUS, governor of Britain from 58, recalled to Rome. P. Petronius TURPILIANUS succeeds until 63.

TAn 14:39 61 B76 I-144, 3-195 62 DGRBM 3-1192, EBRB, wikGRB

c.62

LONDINIUM surrounded by a Roman wall 6 feet thick.

61 TTPC

P. Petronius TURPILIANUS, governor of Britain from 62, ends. M. Trebellius MAXIMUS succeeds until 69.

63 wikGRB

LONDON BRIDGE, probably destroyed in 61, rebuilt across Thames.

63 CDCC 528

TITUS Flavius Vespasian, military tribune in Britain from 59/60, returns to Rome.

63 wikTt

65 ±15

Bloomberg Tablets : 405 wood tablets in Londinium, found 2010-13, buried 40 feet underground. Written in Roman cursive. 90 have been translated. Content varries.

photo: Udimu

50-80 wikBlT

Legion II Augusta, at Exeter from 55, moves probably to Glevum.

66 wik2Ag

c.66

Batavian regiments are withdrawn from Britain to Gaul.

66 wikRob

Legion XIV Martia Victrix in Britain from 43, at Wroxeter from 58, withdrawn to Gaul and then to the Balkans until 70.

67 wikL14, wikMVB

68 Jun

NERO dies. Year of 4 emperors begins until 70.

Caelius ROSCIUS commands legion XX Valeria Victrix in Britain.

THs 1:60 68 DGRBM 3-663

69 Jan

Legions in Britania side with Vitellius.

69 dirVt, wik20VV

69 Jan

Part of legion II Augusta sides with Otho until he is defeated, then switches to Vitellius.

69 wik2Ag

CARTIMANDUA dies. Pro-Roman queen of Brigantes from 43, dumps husband Venutius for his armor bearer Vellocatus. Venutius rebels. Cartimandua is rescued by Romans, but Venutius rules the Brigantes until 72. Cartimandua is ousted and killed.

TAn 12:36, 40, THs 3:45 69 B76 2-600, CDCC 169, rcC
no date: OCD 209

M. TREBELLIUS MAXIMUS, governor of Britain from 63, flees from Britain to escape the fury of his troops. Vitellian M. Vettius BOLANUS succeeds until 71.

THs 2:65
69 DGRBM 1-498, OCD 172, wikGRB

69 Dec 20

VITELIUS dies. VESPASIAN succeeds until 79.

Gn. Julius AGRICOLA sent from Rome by Vespasian to command Legion XX under Cerealis in Britain until 73.

69 CDCC 25
70 B76 I-144, DGRBM 1-76 71 OCD 28

by 70

DURNOVARIA (later Dorchester in Dorset) fortress built by Romans in Durotriges land on the River Frome.

by 70 wikDD

DUROLIPONTE fortress (Cambridge) built on Castle Hill (see 47) by Romans. Remains under military until 120.

70 wikCmb, wikDrl

Conquest of Wales begins until 80.

70 Dur 3-452

The Silures of Wales subdued by Gn. Julius Agricola.

70 GHH

Legion XIV Martia Victrix, in Britain from 68, is sent to Germany.

70 guess

c.71

Q. Petilius CEREALIS, governor of Lower Germany from 70, comes to Britain, as consular legate.

70 EBRB
71 DGRBM 1-673, wikGGI

M. Vettius BOLANUS, governor of Britain from 69, recalled. Q. Petilius CEREALIS succeeds until 74.

71 CAH 11-171, OCD 172, 224, wikAgr, wikGRB 72 LEWH

c.71	Q. Petilius CEREALIS fights the Brigantes around Eboracum (York).		map author: Creative Commons no date: LEWH
c.71	VENUTIUS, king of Brigantes 43-72, defeated by Q. Petilius CEREALIS.		70 EBRB 68 71 B76 II-269, 600

by 71

LINDUM (Lincoln), Roman fortress for legion IX Hispania from 50, becomes a colony.

by 71 B76 VI-232 post-86 wikLnd 90 MCAW

Legion IX Hispania, at Lindum from ?, moves to Eboracum (York). LINDUM is garrisoned by Legion II Adiutrix until 77/8.

71 wikLnd

VENUTIUS, king of Brigantes from 43, dies.

72 rcC, rcCE

EBORACUM (York) founded on flat ground above the Ouse close to its confluence with the Foss by Q. Petilius Cerealis. 9th legion stationed there until 122.

71 wikYr 71-73 OCD 368

c.73

CALEDONIA (Scotland) invaded by Romans under Cerealis.

71 wikSRE

Julius AGRICOLA under Cerealis in Britain from 70, returns to Rome until 74.. Sextus Julius FRONTINUS succeeds, but still under Cerealis until 74.

73 B76 I-144, CDCC 367, OCD 28, wikAgr

Q. Petilius CEREALIS governor of Britain from 72, returns to Rome to be consul. Sextus Julius FRONTINUS succeeds until 78. He will build roads and forts, and help Britons become Romanized and self-governing.

74 B76 3-195, CAH 11-152, LEWH, MCAW, wikGRB 75 DGRBM 2-181

Sextus Julius FRONTINUS governor of Britain 74-8, continues subduing the Silures of Wales.

map author: Creative Commons

74 LEWH, MCAW

74	SIMON the Zealot crucified in Britain.	74 FBM 18
74	This is one of many deaths, years, and places proposed for the end of Simon. Foxe was an Anglican. The idea that any Biblical character ever went to Britain is totally Anglican.	wikSZ

CAERLEON fortress on the Usk River on south coast of Wales from 53, is rebuilt as ISCA AUGUSTA (aka Isca Silurum) by Frontinus for Legion II Augusta, which moves there from Isca Dumnoniorum, and remains until at least 300 See 90.
ISCA DUMNONIORUM, built 55, then becomes the tribal capital of the Dumnonii.

74/5 B76 II-433, wikIA 75 wikCr, wik2Ag, wikXtr

74/5

4 legions are now in Britain out of a total of @30 legions in the Empire, making Britain one of the most heavily militarised provinces due to its frontier status and hostile neighbors.

74/5 wikIA

SEGONTIUM fortress built by Romans on a low hill southeast of Caernarfon.

75 B76 II-433

c.75

CARMARTHEN fortress built on a low hill by the Tywi river on Demetae land in south Wales over their capital MORIDUNUM by Romans. 46 x 27m, possibly replacing the hillfort on Merlin's Hill. Lasts until c.120.

75 wikCrm, wikMrd

c.75

CAERWENT (Venta Silurum) built by Romans on the Roman road between Caerleon and Glevum as a market town for the defeated Silures tribe. Has a forum and basilica.

75 wikCrw, wikVS

c.75

Calleva Atrebatum (Silchester), occupied by Romans from 45, an amphitheater is added outside the city walls.

70-80 wikCA

c.75

NIDUM fortress built by Romans at the lowest possible crossing of the Neath river to protect their road from fort Glevum to Moridunum. Occupied until 125.

74 wikNd 75 B76 VII-236

Temple to Neptune and Minerva built by king Cunobelin to prove his Romanization.

75 MCAW

c.75

CAERDYF hillfort in Wales from c.55, rebuilt as a small fort by Romans and called Cardiff.

75 B76 II-558

c.75

Romans at Burrium fortress on the Usk River from 55, moves south to Caerleon, leaving only a small auxiliary fort and civilian settlement at Usk.

75 wikUs

Temple to Neptune and Minerva built by king Cunobelinus to prove his Romanization.

75 MCAW

c.75

LUENTINUM fort and mining settlement in Wales is built by Frontinus. Has an earthen rampart and double ditch. Occupied until 125.

75 wikLnt 78 wikDGM

COGIDUBNUS, client king of the Atrebates from 43, ends.

75 OCD 258 80 wikTCC

Palace at Fishbourne near Chichester (Noviomagus Reginorum), begun until 80, probably by Cogidubnus king of the Regni. 4 residential wings with at least 60 rooms surround a formal courtyard garden of 250ft x 320ft. Includes 50 mosaic floors with under-floor central heating and an integral bathhouse. Gardens contain elaborate plantings of shaped beds for hedges and trees with water supplies for fountains, all surrounded by colonnades in the form of a peristyle.

75 MCAW, wikFRP

76±2

DEVA VICTRIX (Chester) at the mouth of the Dee, occupied from 50, becomes a legionary fort with wood wall until 100, used by legions II and XX.

71 B76 II-812 74-8 OCD 333 79 wikCst

Britain subjected to the authority of Rome.

76 GHH

c.77

Britons are "a fierce and savage people running thru the woods" according to Agricola.

77 TTPC

77/8

South WALES, under Silures, invaded by Romans from 48, conquered by Julius Frontinus governor of Britain.

77 LEWH 122 78 B76 3-195

77/8

Gn. Julius AGRICOLA, in Rome from 76 returns to Britain until 84.

77 LEWH, wikAgr, wikDt

c. 77/8

Sextus Julius FRONTINUS governor of Britain from 74, returns to Rome. Gn. Julius AGRICOLA succeeds until 84, begins new campaign. Starts with the Ordovices of north Wales.

77 B76 I-144, CDCC 146, 367, Dur 3-452, LEWH 122, TTPC, wikFr wikGJA, 77/8 CAH 11, MCAW 78 B76 3-195, 19-96, CDCC 25, DGRBM 2-181, 3-1248, GHH, HRRP 4.2-708, MCAW, OCD 181, 448, britVs, unrvDt, wikGRB, wikRGGB, wikVs, wikSRE

77/8

Legion II Adiutrix, at Lindum from 71, moves to Chester.

77/8 wikLnd

77/8

SEGONTIUM fortress founded in north Wales by Agricola to hold about 1,000 auxiliary infantry.

77/8 wikSg

c.78

North WALES, under Silures and Ordovices, invaded by Romans from 48, conquered by Agricola governor of Britain. Wales is now completely conquered.

78 B76 3-195, DGRBM 1-76, 3-1248, MCAW, wikGJA, wikRB 79 LEWH 179
80 Dur 3-452

c.78

Legion XX Valeria Victrix under Agricola campaigns in north Britannia and Caledonia until 84.

78 wik20VV

c.78

MONA (Anglesey) island north of Wales, subdued from 61, brought into Roman Empire by Agricola. Notable for copper mining.

78 DGRBM 1-76, 3-1248, DGRG 2-368, wikAng

c.78

Dolaucothi gold mine in Wales is taken over and worked by Romans stationed at Luentinum.

75 wikRB 78 wikDGM

c.78

AGRICOLA governor of Britain, attacks the Brigantes, begins conquest of north until 142.

78 LEWH

c.79

BRIGANTES conquered by Agricola, who then builds Isurium Brigantum (Aldborough).

70 EBRB 79 B76 3-105, wikIB

c.79

Lowlands of Caledonia (Scotland) overcome by Agricola

79 GHH, MCAW

Agricola pushes armies to the estuary of the river Taus.

79 wikAgr

Corbred II of Caledonia resists Agricola.

79 GHH

79 Jun 24

VESPASIAN dies. TITUS succeeds until 81.

EBORACUM (York), under legion IX 72-122, rebuilt by Agricola.

79 OCD 368

PLANE used at Pompeii and Roman Britain, but is lost at fall of Rome until 13th cent.

79 SHT 2-393

TRIMONTIUM fort built where the Leader flows into the Tweed by Agricola. It has a turf rampart on a cobble foundation with 2 ditches in front of it, overlapping each entrance. On the west side is an annexe defended by a similar rampart and ditches arrangement. See 90.

80 wikSRE, wikTrm

AGRICOLA builds a naval base from which to invade Ireland. Invasion never materializes.

80 MCAW

79 - 82

Agricola campaign map author: unstated

Legion XIV Gemina at Uriconium fortress from 53, taken north by Agricola on punitive expeditions against Picts in Caledonia. Legion XX Valeria Victrix takes over Uriconium.

80 wikVC

CALEDONIA (Scotland) invaded by Agricola, but with insufficient forces to subdue the north.

80 B76 3-195, DGRBM 1-76, DGRG 1-436

CORBRED defeats Agricola.

80 GHH

Agricola builds a rampart or wall from the mouth of the Tyne to Solway Frith.

80 DGRBM 1-76, GHH

Spread of Roman civilization in Britain.

80 GHH

THEATER built at Durovernum Cantiacorum (Canterbury) by Romans.

80 wikDC

Campaign against the Novantae, Selgovae, and Damnii in Britain.

81 GHH

81±3

Roman fort built on Loudoun Hill.

79-84 B76 I-694

c.81

FORTH-CLYDE Line: a Roman boundary established by Agricola: a line of forts built from the Forth to the Clyde. It is the base for the Antonine wall begun 142CE.

81 EBRB

81 Sep 13

TITUS dies. DOMITIAN succeeds until 96.

AGRICOLA crosses an unidentified body of water and defeats peoples unknown to the Romans until then.

82 wikDt

AGRICOLA moves into central Caledonia (Scotland), camps on navigable rivers, uses fleet for supplies.

82 MCAW

AGRICOLA campaigns in southwest Caledonia, subdues tribes on promontory opposite Ireland, fortifies the coast facing Ireland.

82 DGRBM 1-76, GHH, wikDt

82/3

IX Hispana narrowly escaped destruction when the Caledonians beyond the Forth surprise attack their fort at night.

82/3 wik9Hs

c.83

Navigator DEMETRIUS of Tarsus explores west coast of Britain. He will report to Plutarch that it was "a gloomy journey among uninhabited islands," but that he had visited one which was the retreat of holy men.

83 eupb, wikSRE

AGRICOLA raises a fleet and goes north of the Forth into Caledonia (Scotland) to aid the advance forces, explores coast of Fife and Forfar.

83 B76 I-144, EBRB, DGRBM 1-76, GHH, wikDt

c.83

AGRICOLA is opposed by Galgacus, who commands 30,000 Caledonians (Scots).

83 GHH, wikAgr

83 - 84

Agricola campaign map author: unstated

c.83

7th campaign of AGRICOLA in Britain. 20,000 Romans defeat 30,000 Caledonians (Scots) under Calgacus at Mons Graupius (location unknown). Casualties: 360 Romans vs. 10,000 Scots. Agricola figures he has conquered Caledonia, but ⅔ of the Caledonian army escapes into marshes and Highlands, ultimately preventing Agricola from subduing all Britain.

82 B76 II-454 83 B76 I-144, LEWH, MCAW, TTPC, unrvDt, wikAgr 84 GHH, wikDt, wikRB, wikSRE

c.83

INCHTUTHIL fortress built by XX Valeria Victrix under Agricola, at the head of one of the main routes to the Scottish Highlands on a natural platform overlooking the north bank of River Tay southwest of Blairgowrie, Perth and Kinross. Occupied by Legion XX Valeria Victrix until 85.

82/3 wik20VV, wikInc 83 wikDt

c.83

AGRICOLA reaches as far north as Romans will ever reach on land.

83 LEWH, TTPC

c.83

A detachment of Usipetes serves Romans in Britain.

83 DGRG 2-1328

Britain is proved to be an island - Agricola's fleet circumnavigates its entire coast.

83 EBRB 84 DGRBM 1-76, GHH, MCAW, OCD 428

Under the judicious, impartial, and conciliating policy of Agricola, crime disappears, and civilization spreads.

84 GHH

c.84

Gn. Julius AGRICOLA, governor of Britain from 77/8, recalled to Rome by Domitian. Sallustius LUCILLIUS? succeeds until 89.

83 CDCC 146 84 B76 I-144, CDCC 25, EBRB, DGRBM 1-76, 1062, Dur 3-210, 452, HRRP 4.2-709, LEWH, MCAW, OCD 360, TTPC, unrvDt, wikDt, wikGRB 84/5 CAH 11-25 85 GHH, OCD 181, wikAgr, wikDt, wikGJA

Roman army is withdrawn from North Britain to help in Germany.

84 GHH

VINDOLANDA in northeast Britain, wood fort built by Romans until 95, under Roman occupation until 370.

85 wikVnd

ORKNEY ISLANDS north of Scotland discovered by a Roman fleet, which is then recalled.

85 B76 VII-584

87/8

Legions in Britain mostly recalled by Domitian to help fight Dacians.

86/7 unrvDt 87/8 wikDt

87/8

INCHTUTHIL fortress, built 83, and occupied by XX Valeria Victrix, dismantled. Valeria Victrix returns south to Castra Deva (Deva Victrix), where it remains for at least 2 centuries. Caledonian forts and watchtowers abandoned, moving the Roman frontier 120km south.

86/7 unrvDt 87/8 wikDt 88 wik20VV

c.89

Sallustius LUCILLIUS?, governor of Britain from 84, ends. No data until 96.

89 wikGRB

All Roman forts north of the Earn river are evaccuated.

90 B76 II-454

TRIMONTIUM fort where the Leader flows into the Tweed from 80, rebuilt stronger. Occupied until 105.

90 wikTrm

BRITAIN is tranquil, steadily advances in cultivation of the useful arts, in literature, and in social comfort and refinement.

90 GHH

BRITAIN, under 4 legions from 43, reduced to 3 legions by Domitian. i.e. EBORACUM (York), DEVA VICTRIX (Chester), Legion II Augusta at CAERLEON.

90 B76 3-195-6

VINDOLANDA in northeast Britain, wood fort from 85 replaced by a larger wood fort built by the 9th Cohort of Batavians (@1,000 men) until 105.

95 wikVnd

c.96

P. Metilius NEPOS? becomes governor of Britain until 97.

96 wikGRB

96 Sep 18

DOMITIAN dies. NERVA succeeds until 98.

c.96/7

GLEVUM (Gloucester), a fort from 48, becomes a Roman colony for retired legionaries.

96 MCAW 97 wikGl

c.97

P. Metilius NEPOS?, governor of Britain from 96, ends. T. Avidius QUIETUS succeeds until 101.

97 wikGRB 98 OCD 156

98 Jan 26

NERVA dies. TRAJAN succeeds until 117.

c.100

Vindolanda Tablets include an invitation to a birthday party, perhaps the oldest surviving document written in Latin by a woman.

photo: Michel wal

100 wikVnT

c.100

DEVA VICTRIX (Chester) at the mouth of the Dee, legionary fort with wood wall from 76, gets a stone wall.

100 OCD 333

100

Cherry-trees first planted in Britain.

100 GHH