BELL BEAKER Culture exists thruout Europe 2900-1800. A widely scattered culture of prehistoric western Europe from late Neolithic or Chalcolithic into the early Bronze Age. Known for a particular pottery type, metalwork in copper, gold and later bronze, archery, specific types of ornamentation and shared ideological, cultural and religious ideas. |
map: Krakkos
wikBC |
  MOTILLAS around LaMancha Spain 2200-1300 are man-made hills 4-5m high with forts on top. The hills are separated by 4-5km, and used as control centers for agricultural resources, to secure water, store and process cereals, occasionally keep livestock, and to produce pottery and other domestic artefacts. |
photo: Felicisimo
wikMtl |
| c.2000 |
Bronze HALBERD used in Ireland from 2400, no longer evidenced. |
2000 wikB |
| c.2000 |
Early Bronze Age Britain 2700-1500, Mount Pleasant Phase and Early Beaker culture from 2700 end. Late Beaker culture continues 2100-1900. Knives, tanged spearheads. |
2000 wikBAB |
| c. 2000 |
GRIMES GRAVES, Neolithic flint mining site in East Anglia, worked 3000-1900. Extends over 96 acres, consists of at least 433 shafts dug into chalk to reach seams of flint. Largest shafts are more than 14m deep and 12m diameter at the surface. Over 2,000 tons of chalk had to be removed from the larger shafts, taking 20 men around 5 months, before stone of sufficient quality was reached.
Has LAMPS V made of chalk lumps hollowed out for oil & wick. (Lamps: see
Crete 1500, Egypt 2000) |
photo Ashley Dace
2000
SHT 1-235, vrb
3000-1900 wikGG |
| c.2000 |
Minoan SHIPS sail from Mediterranean as far as north Scotland. |
2000
SHT 2-569, mxfld |
| c.2000 |
 White Horse of Uffington parish in Oxfordshire county made by deep trenches filled with crushed white chalk. Thought to represent a tribal symbol, perhaps connected with builders of Uffington Castle. Until late 19th century the horse was scoured every 7 years. When regular cleaning is halted the figure quickly becomes obscured. |
photo
pub dom
2000 wikB
no date: wikUWH |
| c.2000 |
British WESSEX CULTURE begins until 1400.
WESSEX-I begins until 1650. Has enough social organization to produce Stonehenge 3:5. Burial under barrows, inhumation at first, later cremation, often with rich grave goods. Traded with Europe, importing amber from Baltic, jewelry from Germany, gold from Brittany, daggers and beads from Mycenaean Greece and vice versa. |
2000 be |
| c.2000 |
INDO-EUROPEANS, now thruout Europe & Anatolia, having uniform culture in 3000, begin having CULTURAL DIVERSITY based on location: Illyrian, Armenian, Phrygian, Mysian, Dacian, Thracian, Greek. |
2000
B76 2-614 |
| c.2000 |
SCANDINAVIA V, populated by at least 4 different cultures from 2500: declining remains of megalithic culture, Boat-axe Culture of south Sweden, Single-grave Culture of Jutland, Pitted Ware Culture, populations fuses together in a Neolithic Culture which makes flint daggers and other instruments. Battle-axe people arrive, but they have no bronze. Amber beads no longer appear in tombs, as amber is now traded to the Mediterranean. |
2000 mxfld |
| c.2000 |
The BALTIC linguistic group of northeastern Indo-Europeans enters the eastern Baltic and western Russia as farmers and cattle raisers. |
2000 mxfld |
| c.2000 |
BRONZE V AGE begins in Europe until 900 (including south Britain until 750 ), but replaces the Stone Age much more slowly than in the Near East. |
2000 LEWH 15, MCAW 22, PAE 78, PW 14, TTPC, mxfld |
| Fortified settlements in center and east indicate increasing social & economic pressures. |
| c.2000 |
UNETICE culture (named for site at Unetice northwest of Prague), in central Europe 2300-1600. Phase A1 begins until 1800. A1 has triangular daggers, flat axes, stone wrist-guards, flint arrowheads. |
2000 wikUnC |
| c.2000 |
AUSTRIA, BOHEMIA, TYROL, and CARINTHIA occupied by Celto-Ligurians until 1250. |
2000 rcCE |
| c.2000 |
Cimmerians occupy difuse region in far west Ukraine, generally the south flank of the Carpathian Mountains until 680. |
2000 rcU |
| c.2000 |
WALLACHIA occupied by Cimmerians until 670. |
2000 rcEB |
| c.2000 |
TRANSYLVANIA (uplands of Carpathians) occupied by Cimmerians until 700. |
2000 rcEB |
| c.2000 |
MORAVIA, under Danubian Indo-Europeans from ?, occupied by Celto-Ligurians until 1200. |
2000 rcCE |
| c.2000 |
MOLDAVIA (northeast of Black Sea), comes under Cimmerians until 700. |
2000 rcEB |
| c.2000 |
SLOVAKIA (Carpathian mountains north of Hungary, east of Moravia and Czech Republic, west of Galitzia and Ukraine, and south of Poland) under Danubian Indo-Europeans from ?, occupied by Cimmerians until 700. |
2000 rcCE |
| c.2000 |
SLAVONIA (area between Sava and Drava Rivers) occupied by Celto-Ligurians until 1250. |
2000 rcWB |
| c.2000 |
BIHAR (area between Tisza, Szamos, Muresul Rivers, and Transylvanian highlands) occupied by Cimmerians until 700. |
2000 rcEB |
| c.2000 |
KARANOVO, Bulgaria: A hilltop community of wattle and mud-walled houses loosely scattered in a village area is deserted and replaced by a new people. |
2000 PAE 91 |
| c.2000 |
Domestic CATS V, common in Egypt from 4,000, domesticated by lake dwellers of Switzerland. |
2000 TTT |
| c.2000 |
HORSE bones in BADEN culture of Hungary, but no evidence of domestication. Evidence of horse domestication in Sweden. |
2000 PAE 95-6 |
| c.2000 |
BEAKER PEOPLE (named after bell shaped vessels), bronze using farmers & archers in Portugal from ?, migrate to Brittany, thence to Holland, thence to Germany, possibly also Britain. |
2000 BCAW 90, MCAW 20,
PAE 100 |
| c.2000 |
BALKANS are occupied by 3 groups: TUMULUS, BATTLE AXE, and CORDED WARE peoples. |
2000 mxfld |
| c.2000 |
INDO-EUROPEANS from Asia begin to appear in BALKAN PENINSULA and East Europe. |
2000 vrb |
| c.2000 |
DORIC Indo-Europeans settle in ILLYRIA. |
2000 vrb |
| c.2000 |
ITALY, until now occupied by Western Iberians, receives various Indo European & Arian speaking tribes, including Italics, Latins, Faliscans until 1800. Farmers & shepherds build villages on man-made islands, settle on Lakes Garda, Como, Maggiore. They have bronze tools & weapons. |
2000 Dur III-4, MCAW 20, vrb, mxfld, wik20 |
| c.2000 |
MANTUA settlement founded on banks of Mincio river, on a sort of island. Under unknown people until 550. |
2000 wik20, wikMnt |
| c.2000 |
GREECE, under Aegeans from ?, invaded from north by Arian speaking Indo Europeans. Conquered. Invaders destroy much and contribute little, but their pottery is better. |
2000 B76 19-275, MCAW 20,
TAWH 16
2000-1900 GRG 1 |
BRONZE AGE, in Europe 2000-900, EARLY BRONZE AGE in Greece from 3000 ends.
MIDDLE BRONZE AGE begins in Greece until 1580. |
| c.2000 |
GREECE: EARLY HELLADIC Period ends. Began 3200.
EARLY HELLADIC Period-III ends. Began 2200-2150.
MIDDLE HELLADIC Period begins until 1550. |
2050- 2000 wikHP |
| In the Early Period Neolithic agricultural population imported bronze and copper and learned bronze-working techniques from Anatolia. In the Middle Period settlements draw together usually on hilltops. Gray burnished Minyan pottery begins at Tiryns and spreads. It may be related to people whom Greek historians called Minyans. |
| c.1950 |
BRITAIN: Houses are circular wood-framed huts. A few have stone walls. |
early 2nd mil
PAE 150 |
| c.1950 |
Government by kings, elders, and assembly, and the importance of the warrior class all become evident. |
soon after 2000 PAE 107 |
| c.1950 |
POTTER'S WHEEL V: Evidence of pivoted disks in Greece,
Uruk 2000,
Crete 1950,
Egypt 1950. Foot wheels also in Greece and Crete. |
2000 SHT 1-203
1950 MCAW 21
1800 SHT 1-200 |
| c.1950 |
Merchants of PHOENICIA trade with south central Europe. |
soon after 2000 PAE 102 |
| c. 1942 |
King of Leubingen in Thuringia is buried in a large barrow within a 20m stone cairn inside a ring ditch. It is part of the Unetice culture. The mound is 7m high and contains a burial chamber of 3.9m x 2.1m with a maximum height of 1.7m. Inside the mound is the burial Chamber, in the form of a hut of the time. It has a saddle-shaped roof made out of heavy oak beams covered with stones. Contents: open bracelet, 2 pins, 2 rings, a gold spiral, a stone battle-hammer, 2 bronze edge-axes (axe with elevated edges to prevent it from moving too much on the handle), 3 bronze chisels, 3 bronze dagger blades in leather and oak bark scabbards, a large ceramic pot with brown and black decorations. |
1942 wik20, wikLb 1940 wikLbt |
| c. 1930 |
STONEHENGE 3:4 ends. Began 2280. Includes circle of bluestones between the 2 rings of sarsens and in an oval at the centre of the inner ring. Altar Stone may have been moved within the oval and re-erected vertically. Shabbily built compared to immediate predecessors: Re-installed bluestones are not well-founded and begin to fall over. Only minor changes are made after this.
STONEHENGE 3:5 succeeds to 1600: North east section of the 3:4 bluestone circle is removed, creating a horseshoe, which mirrors the central sarsen Trilithons. |
1930 wikSh |
| c.1900 |
Late Beaker culture ends. In Britain from 2100. Knives, tanged spearheads. Bedd Branwen Period begins until 1500. |
1900 wikBAB |
| c.1900 |
BEAKER PEOPLE, in Gaul from 2000, migrate to Britain. Introduce bronze. |
1900 CWH |
| c.1900 |
SLOVENIA northwest of Balkans, comes under Illyrian tribes until 15. |
1900 rcCE |
| c.1900 |
GREECE, under Indo Europeans from 2000, invaded by ACHAEANS V - the 1st Greek speaking people of Greece. they remain on the continent until 1200. |
1900 Wiki
1200 HCIP 1-212 |
| c.1900 |
MYCENAE, in Peloponnese, founded by Achaeans. Greek Achaeans are now called MYCENEANS. But Mycenean Age does not begin until 1600. |
1900 vrb
1470 TTPC |
Mycenae from south MA p.20-21 |
|
Argive plain looking south from Mycenae MA p.20-21 |
|
| c.1900 |
ARGOLIS in western Peloponnese of Greece is the main region for cities. |
1900 vrb |
| c.1850 |
Central Europe becomes dominated by the Bell-beaker Culture. In Eastern Europe Λ COPPER V working extends almost to the Arctic. |
1850 mxfld |
| c.1800 |
ORKNEY Islands north of Scotland: Neolithic farming arrives. Well built stone huts. |
1800 MCAW 24 |
| c.1800 |
BELL BEAKER Culture fades out. Spread thruout Europe from 2900. A widely scattered archaeological culture of prehistoric western Europe starting in late Neolithic or Chalcolithic and running into the early Bronze Age. Known for a particular pottery type, metalwork in copper, gold and later bronze, archery, specific types of ornamentation and shared ideological, cultural and religious ideas. |
1800 wikBC |
| c.1800 |
ELP Culture begins in Netherlands until 800. Known for low quality earthenware pottery. 1st phase begins until 1200, noted for tumuli, like contemporary tumuli in north Germany and Scandinavia, and apparently related to Tumulus Culture. |
1800 wikElp |
| c.1800 |
UNETICE culture (named for site at Unetice northwest of Prague), in central Europe 2300-1600. Phase A1 ends. Began 2000. A1 has triangular daggers, flat axes, stone wrist-guards, flint arrowheads. Phase A2 begins until 1700. A2 has daggers with metal hilt, flanged axes, halberds, pins with perforated spherical heads, solid bracelets. |
1800 wikUnC |
| c.1800 |
 Hindsgavl Dagger: A Scandinavian 30cm flint dagger inspired by European Bronze Age cultures. |
photo: Arnold Mikkelsen
1800 wikNSA |
| c.1800 |
Λ SCANDINAVIA V, having no metal resources, imports bronze, mainly from Britain.
BRONZE AGE begins in Scandinavia until 440. |
2300 arhs early 2nd mil: PAE 120 1800 B76 5-148, clmn, NBA, wikSP 1700 wikNBA 1500 arcer |
| c.1800 |
Λ COPPER V is used in British Isles and all Europe south of mid-Scandinavia. |
1800 mxfld |
| c.1800 |
  El ARGAR civilization begins in Almerķa, in southeast Spain, replacing the earlier civilization of Los Millares. Adoption of bronze metallurgy allows gradual dominance and influence in the region. It also has silver and gold. It remains until 1300. |
grave goods: Luis Siret
2200 wikEA 1800 wikTpR |
| c.1800 |
Domesticated HORSES arrive in Europe from Asian Steppes. |
1800 eah |
| c.1800 |
Goods begin to travel widely between cultures. |
1800 eah |
| c.1800 |
Spearheads, swords, imported jewelry, pins with wheel-shaped heads all appear in tombs. |
1800 eah |
| c.1800 |
ITALY, under Italics, Latins, Faliscans from 2000, taken over by Italics, except the northwest quarter which is occupied by Etruscans. |
1800 mxfld |
| c. 1800 |
APENNINE CULTURE begins until 1200 in south 2/3 of Italy. Alpine cattle herdsmen, living in small hamlets located in defensible places. On the move between summer pastures they build temporary camps or live in caves and rock shelters. Their range is not confined to the hills. Apennine pottery has been found on the Capitoline hill and on islands. It is burnished and incised with spirals, meanders, and geometric zones, filled with dots or transverse dashes. It has been found on Ischia island in association with LH-II and LH-III pottery, and on Lipari in association with LH-IIIA pottery, which date it to Late Bronze Age. |
1800
B76 19-278, wikLat
15th cen. wikApC |
| BRONZE AGE begins in Italy until 900. |
| c.1790 |
PROTO-CELTIC LANGUAGE V spoken in Germany. Soon spreads west to become Gaelic and neo-Celtic. |
soon after 1800 B76 6-1123 |
| c.1775 |
BRITAIN: People arrive at northeast coast, evidenced by corded & cord ornamented pottery, perforated stone battle axes. |
1775 CMoG3 66 |
| c.1775 |
BRITAIN: Bell-Beaker People arrive at southeast coast from Rhineland. |
1775 CMoG3 66 |
| c.1750 |
ACHAEANS, in mainland Greece from 1900, now control it. |
1750 SHT 1-726 |
| c.1700 |
BEAKER PEOPLE in Ireland and Britain from 2500 fade out. |
1700 wikB |
| c.1700 |
UNETICE culture (named for site at Unetice northwest of Prague), in central Europe 2300-1600. Phase A2 from 1800 ends. A2 has daggers with metal hilt, flanged axes, halberds, pins with perforated spherical heads, solid bracelets. Phase B begins until 1600. Phase B is Tumulus culture in west, and Trzciniec culture in east. |
1700 wikUnC |
| c.1700 |
RYE cultivated in eastern Europe. It will soon be the main bread of the proto-Celts, Teutones, & Slavs. |
1700 TTPC 6 |
| c.1700 |
THEBES Boeotia, founded c.3000, increases in population. |
1700 ahe |
| c.1650 |
British WESSEX CULTURE 2000-1400. WESSEX-1 ends. Began 2000. WESSEX-2 begins until 1400. Associated with later Stonehenge. |
1650 wikWC |
| c. 1650 |
APA type SWORDS appear in Black Sea and Aegean areas as a further development of the dagger. Previous swords were usually 60-80cm long. Apa swords reach over 100cm. Technology to produce blades this long developed using alloys of copper and tin or arsenic c.1700. |
photo Dbachmann
17-1600 wikBAS |
| c. 1650 |
Mycenaean BOAR TUSK HELMETs appear until 950. Previous swords were usually 60-80cm long. Made of slivers of boar tusks attached in rows to a leather base, padded with felt. A description of a boar's tusk helmet appears in Homer's Iliad book 10, as Odysseus is armed for a night raid against the Trojans.
This one is 14th century, from chamber tomb 515, Mycenae. |
photo frankfl
17th cen. wikBTH |
| c.1650 |
Gray Minyan Ware:
Both are Minyan amphorae from Mycenae, Middle Helladic III period. |
left: Zde
right: Zde
17-1600 MW |
| c.1628 |
Evidence of Thera eruption appears in tree rings in Ireland. |
1628 TTS, wikME 1520 TTPC
1500 MCAW 32, OCD 1060, TAWH 66, mxfld |
| c.1600 |
STONEHENGE 3:5 ends. Began 1930. The outer 2 rings of holes (Y and Z Holes) are the last known construction.
Stonehenge reaches final form which appears today. Roman coins and medieval artefacts have been found, but it is unknown if or how it was used henceforth. |
diagram pub dom
1600 wikSh
16th cen.
PAE 138
1450-00 TTS, TTT |
| by 1600 |
Southwest BRITAIN has a trade boom as British tin is exported across Europe. |
by 1600 wikPB |
| c.1600 |
Arreton Down Hoard in Britain: 7 bronze spear-heads, 4 axes, 1 dagger, 1 halberd. |
17-1500 wikLBAH |
| c.1600 |
Λ COPPER mines at MITTERBERG, Austria begin until 800. |
1600 SHT 1-565-6 |
| c.1600 |
Λ BRONZE working has spread all over Europe except the northern half of Britain, Λ Scandinavia V, and western Iberia. |
1600 mxfld |
| by 1600 |
UNETICE culture trades with the Mycenaeans. |
by 1600 hifiTtn |
| c.1600 |
UNETICE culture fades out. In central Europe from 2300. Named for site in Unetice northwest of Prague. Phase B from 1700 consists of Tumulus culture in west, and Trzciniec culture in east.
Metalsmiths mainly use pure copper. Trade with British Wessex culture. |
1600 wikUnC |
| c.1600 |
TUMULUS culture, distinguished by burying dead under mounds (tumuli), begins in central Europe until 1200. |
1600 wikTC |
| c. 1600 |
NEBRA SKYDISK. A bronze disk of @30cm diameter weighing 2.2kg, with a blue-green patina and inlaid with gold symbols, interpreted generally as a sun or full moon, a lunar crescent, and stars (including a cluster interpreted as the Pleiades). Two golden arcs along the sides, marking the angle between the solstices, will be added later. A final addition will be another arc at the bottom surrounded with multiple strokes (of uncertain meaning, variously interpreted as a Solar Barge with numerous oars, as the Milky Way, or as a rainbow).
The disk is attributed to a site near Nebra, Saxony-Anhalt. It has been associated with the Unetice culture. |
photo Dbachmann
1600 wikNSD |
| c.1600 |
SOGEL type SWORDS found with Nebra skydisk. |
photo Dbachmann
1600 wikBAS |
| c.1600 |
Proto-Italic bronze workers from northeast of Alps enter Italy and begin TERREMARE civilization in the Po valley. They prefer cremation over burial. |
1700 flm 1600 RAH |
| c.1600 |
GREECE: In Λ Bronze Age 2000-1200
Λ MYCENEAN AGE begins until 1200. |
1600 TAWH 16, wikMc
1550 PW 15 |
| Independent city states are established thruout Aegean Sea. |
| c.1600 |
A single GREEK LANGUAGE (with many dialects) is spoken in Greece. |
1500 B76 9-431 |
| c. 1600 |
SHAFT GRAVE Era begins at Mycenae until 1450. Mycenaean warrior class dead men are usually laid in gold masks and funerary armor, women in gold crowns and clothes with gold ornaments. The royal shaft graves next to the acropolis of Mycenae, particularly Grave Circles A and B signify the elevation of a native Greek-speaking royal dynasty whose economic power depends on long-distance sea trade. Mycenaeans increase contacts with the outside world, especially the Cyclades and Crete. |
1600 wikMG |
| c. 1600 |
AEGINA TREASURE:
Mycenean treasure is buried in a tomb on Aegina Island. Gold, pieces include a cup, 4 pendants, 5 necklaces,
54 roundels for dress-trimming, 3 or 4 diadems, a bracelet of solid gold,
5 solid gold rings of nearly uniform weight, and so conjectured to be ringmoney, and 5 finger-rings inlaid with glass paste. There are also many beads and pendants made of a variety of materials including gold, lapis lazuli, amethyst, quartz, cornelian and green jasper. Other later treasure from Aegina will confuse the dating. |
earring GNU FDL
1850-1550 wikAT 17-1500 niem, wikAe 800 MA 393
7th cen. jcam |
| c.1600 |
 Radial daisies juxtaposed to interconnected spirals is the most common Mycenean art pattern, as evidenced by this gold cup from Aegina. |
no date: MA 389 |
| c.1600 |
Mainland Greece renews contact with Crete. Late Minoan culture flows into Greece. |
1600 B76 19-276 |
| c.1580 |
MIDDLE BRONZE AGE ends in Greece. Began 2000.
LATE BRONZE AGE begins in Greece until 1200. |
1580
B76 14-898 |
| c.1550 |
Monument building in Britain ends. |
1500 mxfld |
| c.1550 |
Skilled BRONZE METALURGY is centered in Czechoslovakia. |
pre-1500 PAE 123 |
| c. 1550 |
GREECE: MIDDLE HELLADIC Period ends. Began 2000.
LATE HELLADIC Period begins until 1050.
LATE HELLADIC Period-I begins until 1500. |
1675-50 wikMP 1550 wikHP, wikSc
Photo Svilen Enev |
 Mycenaean culture flourishes, influenced by Minoan Crete and the Cyclades. Gray & black Minyan ware disappears. Yellow Minyan ware begins. LH-I pottery has more lustrous paint than MH, and is known from Shaft Graves of Lerna and the settlements of Voroulia and Nichoria (Messenia), Ayios Stephanos, (Laconia) and Korakou. |
| c. 1550 |
 So called Mask of Agamemnon buried in tomb V at grave circle A, Mycenae. Made of a gold sheet. 2 holes near the ears indicate that the mask was held in place of the deceased's face with twine. Believed to be a fake due to the high level of detail, such as the beard and ears. It's 3 centuries too early to be Agamemnon. |
photo CC BY 2.0
16th cen. wikMsk |
| c. 1528/7 |
Mythical FLOOD of DEUCALION happens, according to Parian Chronicle of 260. |
1528/7 wikPC 1504 GHH |
| c. 1525 ±25 |
Mycenae GRAVE CIRCLE A built inside the city wall. Grave circle B will be outside the wall. |
1550-00 hlpme 1504 GHH |
| c.1500 |
WRITING V: MYCENEAN SCRIPT (Linear-B), 88 symbols (combination of a consonant and a vowel) each denoting a syllable develops in GREECE and soon afterward in Crete (Linear-A). (See
Hittites 1510,
Ugaritic 1500,
China 1475)
|
1500 TAWH 16
1450 vrb 1400 bk
1200 BBP 17 |
| c.1500 |
Early Bronze Age in Britain ends. Began 2700. Bedd Branwen Period from 1900 ends. Middle Bronze Age begins in Britain until 1000. Acton Park Phase begins until 1300: palstaves, socketed spearheads; copper, tin, lead. Hill forts appear. See 350. |
1500 wikBAB
1200 wikPB |
| c. 1500 |
 Terramaricoli people south of the Po from 1600, develop TERRAMARE culture until 1150. Each settlement is trapezoidal. Houses are square wooden stilt, built on the mainland generally near a stream, with roads that cross at right angles. Some houses are built on piles to protect them from floods. The whole is protected by an earthwork defensive wall strengthened on the inside by buttresses, and encircled by a wide moat with running water. Over 60 villages are known, almost entirely from Emilia. In Middle Bronze Age they are no larger than 4.9 acres placed at an average density of 1 per 25 km2. |
reconstruct Reever
1700 wikTC 1500 B76 19-280
16th cen wikPIIA |
| c.1500 |
THRACE inhabited. Rulers and Indo-European gods are identifiable. |
1500 mxfld |
| c. 1500 |
SPAIN: A culture of small fortified villages known as Bronze of Levante culturally close to El Argar appears in modern Valencia. They settle in the semi-desertic La Mancha in motillas (forts on top of man-made hills). Cattle-herding tribes of the central plateau organize into a single culture, known as Cogotas-I, practicing transhumance (moving livestock from one grazing ground to another in a seasonal cycle). Strategic tin resources in northwest Iberia probably causes some development in this region. The Montelavar group is known for bronze axes. |
map: Sugaar
1500 wikTpR |
| c.1500 |
Λ LANGUAGE V: All Central Europe speaks a single Indo-European idiom called Old European. |
1500 mxfld |
| c.1500 |
Mycenean objects, ideas, motifs, and techniques appear in central Europe and south Britain. |
1500
SHT 1-609 |
| c.1500 |
SLEDGE HAMMER of modern shape appears at MITTERBERG, Austria. |
1500
SHT 1-609 |
| c.1500 |
Cult of DEMETER appears in Greece. |
1500 wikEM |
| c.1500 |
Cult of DIONYSUS appears in Greece at Thebes. |
1500 wikDM |
| c. 1500 |
GREECE: LATE HELLADIC Period-I ends. Began 1550.
LATE HELLADIC Period-II begins until 1400.
LATE HELLADIC Period-IIA begins until 1450. |
1600- 1550 wikMP
1500 wikHP |
In Messenia are small closed shapes such as squat jugs decorated with hatched loops "rackets" or simplified spirals; dark-on-light painted motifs include small linked spirals such as varieties of hook-spiral or wave-spiral. Forms of the hatched loop and double-axe, and accessorial rows of small dots and single or double wavy lines; also, the ripple pattern on Keftiu cups.
In LH-IIA these innovations spread thruout the mainland. |
| c.1480 |
Mycenaean pottery reaches Ionia, including Miletus and Troy, also Cyprus, Lebanon, Palestine and Egypt. |
early 15th cen. wikMG |
| c.1475 |
MYCENEANS of Greece invade and conquer eastern CRETE. |
1475 vrb |
| c.1450 |
Balto-Slavic ethnic group splits into Slavic and Baltic. |
15-1400 vrb |
| c.1450 |
CASTELLIERI culture begins on the coast of Istria, and later expands into Friuli and Dalmatia. Castellieri are fortified boroughs. Lasts until Roman conquest. |
15th cen. wikPIIA |
| c.1450 |
SHAFT GRAVE Era at Mycenae from 1600 ends. A new and more imposing type of elite burial emerges, the Tholos: large circular burial chambers with high vaulted roofs and a straight entry passage lined with stone. |
1450 wikMG |
| c. 1450 |
GREECE: LATE HELLADIC Period-IIA ends. Began 1500.
LATE HELLADIC Period-IIB begins until 1400. |
1490-70 wikMP 1450 wikHP |
| Ephyraean style, most commonly represented on goblets and jugs, spins off of the Alternating style of LM-IB. Dependence on Minoan ceramics disappears, and somewhat reverses. |
| c.1425 |
INDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGES V begin new phase of expansion. |
1450-1400 B76 9-431 |
| c.1400 |
British WESSEX CULTURE ends. Began 2000. WESSEX-2 ends. Began 1650. Related to Hilversum culture and Armorican tumuli. |
1400 wikWC |
| c.1400 |
CREMATION becomes common north of the Danube, leading to the URNFIELD CULTURE, named for human ashes buried in urns in fields. |
no date: wikUC |
| c.1400 |
Mycenean trading posts appear in Italy at Ischia and near the future site of Taras. |
1500-1400 PAE 134
1300 mxfld |
| c.1400 |
TUMULUS PEOPLE, proto-Urnfield people, migrate south to Balkan Peninsula. |
1400 B76 2-614 |
| c.1400 |
MYCENEAN civilization peaks. |
1400 RAH |
| c.1400 |
Geometric pottery design, a copy of Minoan, begins at Mycenae. |
1400 MA 318 |
| c. 1400 |
GREECE: LATE HELLADIC Period-II ends. Began 1500.
LATE HELLADIC Period-IIB ends. Began 1450.
LATE HELLADIC Period-III begins until 1060.
LATE HELLADIC Period-IIIA begins until 1300. |
1435-05 wikMP 1400 wikHP |
| Cretan and Minoan power decreases. Mycenaean expansion covers most of the Eastern Mediterranean. New shapes appear. Motifs of painted pottery become standardized. Goblets have a shallower bowl, and stems lengthen. This begins the transformation from goblet to kylix. Stirrup jar becomes popular. Naturalistic motifs become less popular. Kylix becomes main pottery shape. Levant, Egypt and Cyprus come into close and continuous contact with the Greeks. |
| c.1400 |
Dagger blades in Greece made by Cretan craftsmen have ornamentation in relief incised or inlaid with varicolored metals including gold and silver. |
1400
B76 11-1096 |
| c.1400 |
PYTHIAN PRIESTESS, aka Delphic Oracle, MAY have begun this early. The oracle (always a virgin) is initially said to be possessed by goddesses Themis and Phoebe. The site is initially sacred to Gaia until ?. See 1000. |
1400 wikPyt |
| c.1400 |
Mycenaean ARMOR from Dendra in Argolid - commonly called the Dendra Panoply.
V: Oldest surviving armor in Greece. |
photo Hohum
1400 ehow, wikHP, wikMG |
| c.1350 |
SLASHING SWORD V with a flanged hilt-grip begins in central Europe. (see Aegean 1240) |
14th cen. PAE 159 |
Ruins of Tiryns Photo by Dorieo |
|
| c.1350 |
TIRYNS fortress built by Myceneans in Argolis in Peloponnese. It covers 5.9 hectares sustaining 1,180-1,770 people, and had large tiled two-storeyed round house (Rundbau) 28m diameter on the upper citadel. It may have served as a palace or temple or communal granary. |
1350 MCAW 36 14th cen. wikHP |
| c.1350 |
Palace of Mycenae greatly enlarged. |
1350 CMoG3 145 |
| c.1350 |
 CHARIOT with 4 spoke wheels on a fresco from Pylos. Charioteers wear Boar's tusk helmets. |
picture: {{PD-US}}
1350 wikMG |
| c. 1350 |
MYCENAE: A citadel on the acropolis, and fortifications on other surrounding hills, are rebuilt in cyclopean style. The blocks are so massive that they are thought in later ages to be the work of Cyclopes. Within these walls, much of which can still be seen, successive monumental palaces are built. Earlier palaces were cleared away or built over. |
photo: GNU FDL
1350 wikMc 14th cen wikHP |
| c.1350 |
THEBES is fortified by Myceneans. It covers 20 hectares with a population of 4,000-6,000. |
14th cen wikHP |
| c.1350 |
CORINTH inhabited. |
1350 ISBE 1-772 |
| c.1300 |
Middle Bronze Age Britain 1500-1000: Acton Park Phase ends. Began 1500. palstaves, socketed spearheads; copper, tin, lead. Knighton Heath Period begins until 1200: Rapiers. |
1300 wikBAB |
| c.1300 |
Solid WHEEL vehicles, in Europe from 2000, appear in Sweden. |
by 1300 B76 19-521 |
| c.1300 |
URNFIELD CULTURE appears in Poland, where it is called the Lausitz Culture. |
1300 mxfld |
| c.1300 |
From Rhine to upper Danube develops a Bronze Age fine sword-making, horse-using, farming culture that trades with the Mediterranean area. Their descendants will be Celts. |
1300 MCAW 42 |
| c.1300 |
El ARGAR civilization in Almerķa southeast Spain from 1800, ends abruptly, giving way to a less homogeneous post-Argarian culture. |
1550 wikEA 1300 wikTpR |
| c.1300 |
SPAIN: Motillas are abandoned. Urnfield culture is the first wave of Indo-Europeans to enter Spain and stay in Catalonia. They trigger the Atlantic Bronze Age in Northwest that maintains commercial relations with Brittany and British Isles.
In Western Andalusia appears an internally burnished pottery culture. Northwest is defined by their typical axes, divided into Galician and Astur-Cantabrian. |
1300 wikTpR 1200 wikMtl |
| c. 1300 |
SPAIN: The Chalcolithic culture of Vila Nova vanishes, possibly in direct relation to the silting of the canal connecting the main city Zambujal with the sea. It is replaced by a non-urban culture, whose main artifact is externally burnished pottery.
El Argar also disappears as such, what had been a homogeneous culture, a centralized state for some, becomes an array of many fortified cities.
The Motillas are abandoned.
The proto-Celtic Urnfield culture appears in the North-East, conquering all Catalonia and some neighboring areas.
Lower Guadalquivir valley shows its first clearly differentiated culture, defined by internally burnished pottery. This group might have some relation with semi-historical Tartessos.
West Iberian Bronze cultures interact among themselves and with other Atlantic cultures in Britain, Gaul, and elsewhere. This has been called the Atlantic Bronze complex. |
map pub dom
1300 wikPI |
| c.1300 |
URNFIELD CEMETERIES, in Danube area from 1400, spread westward. URNFIELD CULTURE begins in central Europe until 750. |
1300 PW 15, wikUC
13th cen. PAE 146 |
| c.1300 |
URNFIELD CULTURE (possibly including proto-Celts) arrives in SPAIN. Occupy mainly the north, and do not mix with indigenous population. |
1400 vrb |
| c.1300 |
Illyrian NORICI settle in eastern foothills of Alps. |
1300 ooctA |
| c.1300 |
ILLYRIANS V, in Pannonia from ?, spread south to Dalmatia. |
1300 vrb |
| c.1300 |
THRACE: Gold bowls produced. |
1300 MCAW 43 |
| c.1300 |
 Mycenean ARCHED BRIDGE built near the road from Tiryns to Epidauros in the Peloponnese. Still used. (See
Askelon 1900,
Smyrna 825,
Etruscan 590) |
1300 wikAB,
wikArk
13-2000 wikB |
| c.1300 |
Mycenean culture peaks. |
1300 SHWC 49 |
| c.1300 |
Athamas becomes King of the Minyans in Boeotia. |
1300 wikAθm |
| c.1300 |
Athamas is cast away from his kingdom in Boeotia, submitting to an oracle commanding him to inhabit a wild and mountainous place. He reaches the Pindos mountains, where he marries Themisto, dau of Ypseus and Kreousa, and becomes founder of Athamania and Patriarch of the Athamanians. |
1300 wikAθm |
| c.1300 |
GREECE: LATE HELLADIC Period-IIIA ends. Began 1400.
LATE HELLADIC Period-IIIB begins until 1190. |
1320-00 wikMP 1300 wikHP |
| LH-IIIB1 has equal amounts of painted deep bowls and kylikes. Kylikes are mostly Zigouries. LH-IIIB2 has an absence of decorated kylikes. Deep bowl styles further develop into the Rosette form. Non-Helladic ware from the Aegean ceases to be homogeneous. LH-IIIB pottery is associated in Greek mainland palaces with Linear B archives. |
| c.1270 |
Part of the Ausone tribe moves from Campania Italy to Sicily. |
1270 wikAsn |
| 1251 Sep 7 |
SOLAR ECLIPSE seen in Sparta in early morning. |
strts, wik1250 |
| c.1250 |
BALTIC people, along Vistula and Oder Rivers from 2000, move north and east. |
1250 vrb |
| c.1250 |
TUMULUS PEOPLE, Urnfield people in Balkan Peninsula from 1400, begin causing upheaval from Balkans to Anatolia thru 1200. |
pre-1200 B76 2-614 |
| c.1250 |
ARMENO-PHRYGIANS cross Danube into Thrace. Remain until 1200. |
pre-1250 hystn |
| c.1250 |
AUSTRIA, BOHEMIA, and CARINTHIA, occupied by Celto-Ligurians from 2000, occupied by Urnfield Culture, Austria and Bohemia until 600. |
1250 rcCE |
| c.1250 |
TYROL (mountainous western corridor of Austria), occupied by Celto-Ligurians from 2000, occupied by Italics until 450. |
1250 rcCE |
| c.1250 |
SLAVONIA (area between Sava and Drava Rivers) occupied by Celto-Ligurians from 2000, occupied by Urnfield Celts until 625. |
1250 rcWB |
| c. 1250 |
 Canegrate culture begins north of Po River. An example of western Hallstatt culture. Necropolis is similar to contemporary sites north of the Alps. It represents the first wave of proto-Celtics from the northwest Alps that, through the Alpine passes, had already penetrated and settled in the western Po valley between Lakes Maggiore and Como. They bring cremation, which supplants inhumation. They remain homogeneous for a century, then melt into the Ligurians. |
map Ruthven
13th cen. wikCC, wikPIIA |
| c. 1250 |
 MYCENAE: In Late Helladic-IIIB, the Cyclopean wall is extended on the west slope to include grave circle A. The main entrance thru the circuit wall is the LION GATE, thru which passed a stepped ramp leading past circle A and up to the palace. The Lion Gate is in the form of a "Relieving Triangle", i.e. a triangular space above a lintel to relieve the weight of the masonry. |
pics: wikcomMLG, wikcomLGM
1250
B76 19-276, about, wikcomM |
| c. 1250 |
 Treasury of Atreos (aka Tomb of Agamemnon), a tholos tomb on the Panagitsa Hill at Mycenae. The lintel stone above the doorway weighs 120 tons, with approximate dimensions 8.3 x 5.2 x 1.2m, the largest in the world. The tomb was used for an unknown period, and probably has no relation to either Atreos or Agamemnon, as archaeologists believe the man buried there ruled earlier than either. |
photo GFDL
1330 wikHESD
1250 wikTA |
| CONFUSION ALERT! Treasury of ATREOS looks similar to Tomb of CLYTEMNESTRA, both in Mycenae, and Treasury of MINYAS in Orchomenos. |
| c.1250 |
Treasury of MINYAS in Orchomenos Boeotia built by Minyas, son of Chryses. A vaulted tholos tomb. . |
photo: Ziegler175
1250 flkr 13th cen. drtm |
| c.1250 |
Tomb of Clytemnestra in Mycenae built by ????. Last of the vaulted tholos tombs. |
photo: Jean Housen
1250 wikTC |
| c.1250 |
Legendary physician of Thessaly, ASCLEPIOS dies.
Later deified c.450 as son of Apollo and nymph Coronis. Learned healing from centaur Chiron. Credited with bringing people back from the dead. Killed by Zeus so he wouldn't make men immortal. |
1250 TTPC
no date:
B76 I-572, wikAsc |
| c.1250 |
A Mycenean voyage into the Black Sea may have been the base for the story of JASON and the GOLDEN FLEECE according to Apollonius. |
1250 MCAW 45 1246 strts |
| c.1250 |
SAFETY PIN invented in Europe. |
13-1200 pnms |
| c.1240 |
Λ SLASHING SWORD with a flanged hilt-grip begins in central Aegean area. |
soon after 1250 PAE 159 |
| c.1240 |
Mycenaean Greeks sail for Troy, but land in Mysia. |
1192 hifi |
| c.1200 |
BRITAIN: Early Bronze Age ends. Began 2300. Late Bronze Age begins to 700. |
1200 wikPB |
| c.1200 |
Middle Bronze Age Britain 1500-1000: Knighton Heath Period ends. Began 1300. Early Urnfield; Wilburton-Wallington Phase begins until 1000. |
1200 wikBAB |
| c.1200 |
A branch of LIGURES sails to Britain, conquers and intermarries with natives, who are a mixed group of dark-haired and dark skinned people, possibly Iberian, and light-haired Scandinavians. |
1200 mxfld |
| c.1200 |
BRITAIN: Clear evidence of farming in south, circular huts in groups with small oblong fields and stock enclosures. This type continues into Roman period. |
1200
B76 3-194 |
| c.1200 |
 BURTON HOARD in Britain: 2 bronze palstaves, 1 bronze chisel, 1 gold torc, 1 gold twisted-wire bracelet, 1 gold necklace pendant, 4 gold beads, 3 gold rings, 1 pottery vessel. |
photo Creative Commons
1300-1150 wikLBAHB |
| c.1200 |
ELP Culture in Netherlands 1800-800, known for low quality earthenware pottery. Phase 1 from 1800 noted for tumuli, like contemporary tumuli in north Germany and Scandinavia, and apparently related to the Tumulus Culture, ends. Phase 2 begins until 800, noted for Urnfield (cremation) burial customs. |
1200 wikElp |
| c.1200 |
TUMULUS culture, distinguished by burying dead under mounds (tumuli), in central Europe from 1600 fades out. |
1200 wikTC |
| c.1200 |
LISBON Portugal founded by Phoenicians. |
1200 B76 10-1029 |
| c.1200 |
METALWORKING increases dramatically. Smiths handle more bronze and gold and show sophisticated techniques such as lost-wax casting and casting in molds in many pieces. |
1200 eah |
| c.1200 |
CREMATION V replaces burial as normal funerary practice. |
1200 eah |
| c.1200 |
Proto-CELTIC culture in GAUL & GERMANY. |
1200 vrb |
| c.1200 |
MORAVIA, under Celto-Ligurians from 2000, occupied by Urnfield Celts until 600. |
1200 rcCE |
| c.1200 |
MUSHKI, in Thrace from ?, cross Bosphorus straits into Anatolia. |
1200 TAWH 56 |
| c.1200 |
ILLYRIANS, in Dalmatia from 1300, sail across Adriatic to southern ITALY. |
1200 vrb |
| c.1200 |
APENNINE CULTURE from 1800 with incised geometric designs on pottery ends. |
13th cen. wikApC 1200 wikLat |
| c.1200 |
Thanks to Hittites, local IRON V production begins period of rapid growth in Transcaucasia, south Italy, Levant, and
Persia until 1000.
(See China 1200,
Egypt 1150) |
1200
SHT 1-595 |
| c.1200 |
 2 women drive a chariot with 4 spoke wheels on a fresco from Tiryns. |
pic:
{{PD-US}}
1200 wikMG |
| c.1200 |
GREECE: LATE BRONZE AGE from 1580 and MYCENEAN AGE from 1600 both destroyed by invading illiterate DORIANS who have the advantage of IRON V weapons. Mycenae destroyed, TIRYNS people massacred. Linear-B script forgotten.
EARLY IRON AGE begins to 725. Dorians remain on continent until 1100. |
1200 B76 8-326, 19-285, MCAW 46, 56, TAWH 16, bk, vrb, mxfld
1150 PW 15
1100 B76 14-898, LEWH 60, MCAW 50, RAH, wikMc
1050 wikGA |
| DARK AGE begins (Protogeometric) to 900. Arcs and circles drawn with a compass. |
| c.1200 |
EARLY ARCHAIC Period begins to 750. |
1200 B76 I-486 |
| c.1200 |
MYCENEANS, in Greece from 1900, pressed by Doric and Aeolian tribes from north of Greece, start migrating to ATTICA, ARCADIA, CRETE, ANATOLIA, CYPRUS, and even to southern Italy. |
1200
B76 19-277, MCAW 46, vrb |
| c.1200 |
ACHAEANS pressed by Doric and Aeolian tribes from the north of Greece start migrating to Crete, Cyprus, Anatolia. |
1200 vrb |
| c.1200 |
PYLOS, Greece sacked and burned by Sea Peoples. Linear-B tablets will be found here. |
1200 LEWH 60, RAH 130 |
| c.1200 |
Domestic Λ CATS, in Egypt from 4000, 1st evidenced in Greece. (Italy 450) |
1200 wikCt |
| c.1200 |
ATHENS, occupied from before 1300, first buildings appear, including citadel on Acropolis. |
1200 B76 2-265, MCAW 46 |
| c.1200 |
ARMENO-PHRYGIANS, in Balkans and Thrace from 1250, cross Bosphorus strait into Anatolia. |
1250 vrb
1200 LEWH 50, TAWH 56
1190 CWH, RAI2 219 |
| c.1190 |
GREECE: LATE HELLADIC Period-IIIB ends. Began 1300.
LATE HELLADIC Period-IIIC begins until 1060. |
1190 wikHP, wikMP |
| The end of LH-IIIB is associated with the destruction of Ugarit, whose ruins contain the last of that pottery. |
| c.1180 |
Palace of Pylos destroyed. |
1180 wikMG |
| c.1152 |
ALBA LONGA on the Albus Mons founded by Iulus Ascanius. |
trad 1152 OCD 34 |
| c.1151 |
Iulus ASCANIUS becomes king of Latium at Alba Longa until 1138. |
1151 rcRm |
| c.1150 |
TERRAMARE culture along the Panaro River, between Modena and Bononia from 1500 ends. Settlements are abandoned and populations move south, where they mingle with the Apennine peoples. Area reoccupied 1000. |
12th cen. wikPIIA, wikTC |
| c.1150 |
1st contacts between Phoenicians and Spain along Mediterranean coast. |
11th cen. wikTpR |
| c.1138 |
Iulus ASCANIUS, king of Latium at Alba Longa from 1151, ends. SILVIUS succeeds until 1109. |
1138 rcRm |
| c.1130 |
AEOLIAN migration from Thessaly to Anatolia begins until 1000. |
1130 B76 I-111 |
| c.1124 |
The THESSALI expel the BOEOTI from land now named THESSALY. The Boeoti migrate south to Cadmeis, and rename it Boeotia. |
1124 GHH |
| c.1115 |
"BRUTUS," a descendant of Trojan Aeneas, sails to Britain, becomes 1st king, according to Geoffrey of Monmouth's 1136CE work Historia Regum Britanniae . |
1115 wikLKB |
| c.1110 |
AGADIR (later called Gadir, then Cadiz) on south coast of Spain, founded by Phoenicians from Tyre. It is their 1st walled city. Under Phoenicians until 501. |
1110 B76 17-944, MWΦ 94, 230
1104 wik, wikTpR 1100 B76 II-429, 17-402, CWH, mxfld, rcIb |
| c.1109 |
SILVIUS, king of Latium at Alba Longa from 1138, ends. AENEAS-II succeeds until 1078. |
1109 rcRm |
| c.1100 |
DANES wear ornate weapons and ornaments and use bronze lyres as musical instruments. |
1100 mxfld |
| c.1100 |
SPAIN, populated by dark whites, possibly ancestors of Basques. Ligurians occupy west coast. |
1100 mxfld |
| c.1100 |
Indo-European THRACIANS arrive in Balkans. |
1100 vrb |
| c.1100 |
BRITAIN: Rectangular houses evidenced at Gwithian and Cornwall, sub-rectangular houses at Wesex and Sussex, but circular buildings are still more common. |
1200-1000 PAE 150 |
| c.1100 |
ITALY: New wave of Italics arrive including Indo-European OSCANS (Ausones) & Gallic UMBRIANS (Ombri). |
1100 vrb |
| c.1100 |
Central European VILLANOVANS, iron using Urnfield people, enter Italy, but do not yet settle in the area that will be called Villanova. They remain unconquered until 800. |
1100 wikVlC |
| c.1100 |
Λ LAMPS made in Europe and Anatolia burn olive or nut oil thru a wick. |
1100 TTT |
| c.1100 |
Bronze BODY Λ ARMOR V appears in central Europe. |
pre-1000 PAE 134 |
| c.1100 |
Athamanians resist attacks by invading Dorians. |
1100 wikAθm |
| c.1100 |
DELPHIC AMPHICTYONY created to protect the temple of Apollo at Delphi and of Demeter at Thermopylae. Includes all tribes surrounding the oracle of Delphi: Ionians, Magnesians, Pythians, Boeotians, Dolopes, Locrians, Dorians, Malians, Thessalians, Perrhoebians and Phoecians. Ruled by a council which has the right to declare war, punish offenders, and dictate religious policy. Remains primarily a religious alliance until 590. |
1100 grka 1040 GHH |
| c.1100 |
The NELEIDAE of Pylos in Messenia are driven out by Dorians. Under Alcmaeon and Melanthos they go to Athens. |
1100 DGRBM 1-106, GHH |
| c.1100 |
THYMAETES deposed. Last Theseid king of Attica at Athens from ?. MELANTHOS succeeds until 1091. |
1128 GHH |
| c.1100 |
Group BURIAL in Mycenean chamber tombs from ?, changes to individual graves. Athenians, however, continue cremation. |
1100 wikAGF |
| c.1100 |
Post-Mycenean Greece is a land of villages making crude pottery with little decoration until 1050. |
1100 GRG 2 |
| c.1100 |
AEGINA Island south of Athens, conquered by Deiphontes of Tiryns, under Dorians until ?. |
1100 OCD 12 |
| c.1100 |
DORIANS, in Greece from 1200, spread to CRETE, destroy remnant of Minoan civilization. Myceneans on Crete evacuate, mostly to Arcadia and Attica, some to Anatolia. |
1100 CWH, MCAW 50 |
| c.1091 |
MELANTHOS dies. King of Attica at Athens from 1100. KODROS succeeds until 1068. |
1091 GHH |
| c.1078 |
AENEAS-II ends. King of Latium at Alba Longa from 1109. LATINUS-II succeeds until 1027. |
1078 rcRm |
| c.1074 |
SISYPHID dynasty of Corinth from ?, ends. ALETES becomes Heraclid king of Corinth until 1035. HERACLID DYNASTY begins until 747. |
1074 DGRG 1-450, 676, GHH 1073 wikHer |
| c.1068 |
KODROS dies. King of Attica at Athens from 1091, dies. Sons Nelos and Androclos emigrate with many followers to west coast of Anatolia. Son MEDON becomes life term archon of Athens until 1048. ARCHONS remain in his family until 713, and restricted to certain families until 479. |
1068 CDGRA 65, rcSB3, wikEA 1045 GHH
1044 DGRG 2-61 |
| c.1060 |
DORIAN invasions of Greece peak. |
1075-50 GRG |
| c.1060 |
GREECE: HELLADIC Period ends. Began 1300.
LATE HELLADIC Period ends. Began 1550.
LATE HELLADIC Period-III ends. Began 1400.
LATE HELLADIC Period-IIIC ends. Began 1190.
SUB-MYCENEAN Period begins until 1000. |
1100 pmsgw
1060 wikHP
1030 wikSMP |
| Late LH-IIIC pottery is found in Troy-VIIa and a few pieces in Tarsus. It is also made locally in Philistine settlements of Ashdod, Ashkelon, Ekron, Gath, and Gaza. Sub-Mycenean is a period of severe economic and cultural depression. Crude, simplified versions of old Mycenaean and Minoan pottery are produced. Metal craftsmanship is mostly rudimentary, but new iron working technology is adopted, perhaps from Cyprus. |
| c.1052 |
CUMAE, Italy founded by Ionian Greeks. |
1052 CWH 1050 DGRG 1-716 1030 GHH |
| c.1050 |
BONONIA (Bologna), Italy occupied by Villanovans until 510. |
1050 OCD 172 |
| c.1050 |
Λ CREMATION becomes common at Athens. |
1050 GRG 36 |
| c.1050 |
Greek pottery quality begins improvement. |
1050 B76 VIII-253 |
| c.1050 |
Athamania is divided into 4 territories, Heracleia, Argithea, Tetraphylia, and Chalkis. |
1050 wikAθm |
| c.1050 |
MYCENEANS of Attica and Arcadia begin Ionian migration to Anatolia. |
1050 OCD 140 |
| c.1048 |
Son of Kodros, MEDON ends. Life term archon of Athens from 1068. ACASTOS succeeds until 1012. |
1048 rcSB3, wikEA 1025 GHH |
| c.1045 |
ATTICA overrun by Dorians. |
1045 GHH |
| c.1035 |
Proto-geometric pottery decoration begins in Athens until 900. |
1050-25 GRG |
| c.1035 |
ALETES, Heracleid king of Corinth from 1073, ends. IXION succeeds until 997. |
1035 wikHer 1034 GHH |
| c.1027 |
AENEAS-II ends. King of Latium at Alba Longa from 1078. LATINUS-II succeeds and ends. ALBA succeeds until 988. |
1027 rcRm |
| c.1024 |
Echastratos and Eurypion are kings of Sparta. |
1024 GHH |
| c.1012 |
ACASTOS ends. Life term archon of Athens from 1048, ends. ARCHIPPOS succeeds until 993. |
1012 rcSB3, wikEA |
Europe 1000-501
Italy 1000-501 Balkans 1000-601
V V V
LAMBOURN Hoard in Berkshire: 2 gold armlets, 3 gold bracelets