| c.1300 | TROY-6 from 1800, destroyed by quake. Only a single arrowhead was found in this layer, and no remains of bodies. TROY-7a begins until 1230. Less grand than described by Homer, who seems to have borrowed elements from Troy-6 in his retelling. Many houses are merely small cubicles along a fortress wall which had been repaired from Troy-6, in a smaller scale. Jars set in floors suggests rationing. The city plaza has a public well. | 1300 CMoG3 146, RAH 132, lvA, rcT 1275 pczy 1250 wikTr |
| c.1300 | HITTITES have iron, but it is worth 40 times its weight in silver. Iron spreads slowly from Anatolia. | 1300 mxfld |
| c.1295 | MURSILI-II dies. King of 2nd Hittite Dyn from 1321, dies of plague. Son MUWATALLI-II, succeeds to 1272. | 1320 bk 1316 LEWH 50 1315 Sdl 1-97 1310 RAI3, WPOT 1308 hifi 1306 B76 VII-117, 1-819, CWH, MCAW 38, RAI2, Sag, WPOT 11, anan, hiwo 1297 Morb 1295 Bryce, jrank, stma, wikH, wikHK 1293 hinf |
| c.1290 | MUWATALLI-II puts bro HATTUSILI in charge of military expeditions, then puts him in charge of Pitteyarika, upstream from Samuha. | no date: hinf |
| c.1290 |  Hittite Empire (red) at the height of its power, also showing the Egyptian Empire (green). |
map: Crates 1290 wikBcs |
| c.1280 | HATTUSILI, Hittite governor of Pitteyarika, defeats Kashkans in vicinity of Hahha. Sets up a victory stela. | no date: hinf |
| c.1280 | HATTUSILI, bro of Muwatalli, governor of Pitteyarika from 1290, made Chief of the Royal Bodyguard, which made him third in command in the empire, also Priest of the storm god of Nerik, which made him governor of the Upper Lands. | no date: hinf |
| c.1280 | HATTUSA, Hittite capital from 1312, sacked by Kashkans. Capital moved south to TARHUNTASSA city (location unknown) until 1270. Muwatailli puts Mittanna-muwa in charge of Hattusa. This move fosters Kashkan aggression in north, and loss of territory. Muwatailli puts bro Hattusili in charge of a vassal kingdom in the north, capital at Hakpis. |
1300 hifi no date: hinf |
| c.1275 | BENTISHINA, king of Amurru, vassal of Hittites from ?, defects to Egyptians, which obliges Muwatalli-II to prepare for war against Egypt. | no date: hinf |
| c.1274 | MUWATALLI-II, king of Hittites 1295-72, marches into Aram to recover Amurru. | no date: hinf |
| c.1274 | BATTLE of KADESH: Draw battle, but MUWATALLI-II gains political victory. Ramses-II fails to take Kadesh, and withdraws. Hittites retain Aram. | 1300 B76 17-936, WPOT 205 1299 WPOT 92 1298 LEWH 50 1286 SOTS 91, hifi 1285 MCAW 40, CWH, RAI2 1275 hinf Ram-II yr 5 IDB 2-51 |
| c.1274 | MUWATALLI-II, king of Hittites 1295-72, restores Hittite dominance in Aram, takes Apa district including Damascus, leaves his bro Hattusili in Apa, returns to Hatti, taking Bentishina, king of Amurru, with him. | Ram-II yr 5 hinf |
| c.1272 | MUWATALLI-II dies. King of 2nd Hittite Dyn from 1295. Son (by a lesser wife) Urhi-Teshub succeeds as MURSILI-III to 1267. | 1295 LEWH 50 1290 Sdl 1-97 1287 RAI3 1282 B76 VII-142, CWH, MCAW 45, RAI2, Sag, anan, hifi, hiwo 1272 Bryce, jrank, stma, wikH, wikHK 1271 hinf |
| c.1272 | HATTUSILI, bro of Muwatalli, vassal king of north Anatolia at Hakpis, does not contest the succession of his nephew Mursili-III. | hinf |
| c.1270 | HITTITES become known Λ IRON producers. (See Europe 1200, Levant 1200, China 1200, Egypt 1150) |
1275-50 MCAW 41 |
| c.1270 | Hittite capital: at TARHUNTASSA city from 1280, moved back to HATTUSA until 1190 by Mursili-III. | no date: hinf |
| c.1267 | MURSILI-III deposed. King of 2nd Hittite Dyn from 1272, deposed and exiled to Aram by uncle Hattusili. HATTUSILI-III succeeds to 1237. | 1286 RAI3, WPOT 1275 B76 IV-949, 1-819, CWH, MCAW 3, RAI2, Sag, WPOT 14, anan, hifi 1274 hiwo 1267 Bryce, stma, wikH, wikHK, wikPA 1266 jrank 1264 Morb, hinf |
| c.1267 | HATTUSILI-III upon ascension as king of Hittites, marries PUDU-HEPA, formerly a Kizzuwatnan priestess. | 1275 hifi |
| c.1267 | Mursili's son KARUNTA is made "king of Tarhuntassa" in the south by HATTUSILI-III. | 1275 hifi |
| c.1260 | HATTUSILI-III, king of 2nd Hittite Dyn 1267-37, LETTER to king of Assyria: "When I assumed kingship, you did not send me an ambassador. Still it is customary that the king assume kingship, and the kings, his peers, send him the proper gifts on that occasion: a royal gown, fine oil for anointing. But you did not do such a thing." | 1275 DBANE 164 |
| c.1260 | CARCHEMISH, under Hittites from 1340, taken by Shalmanezer-I, king of Assyria 1274-45. Under Assyria until 1190.. | 1276 MCAW 40 |
| c. 1258 | 
Treaty : HATTUSILI-III & RAMSES-II: non-aggression pact because of rise of Assyria. Establishes borders in Aram. North Aram & Amurru remain under Hittites; South Aram & Canaan remain under Egypt. |
photo pub dom 1289 IDB 1-280 1284 B76 17-936, RAI3, WPOT 33, bk 1280 SOTS 91 1272 BHoE, 437, TTPC 8 1270 IDB 2-51, SHWC 25 1269 B76 1-819, CWH, IDB 4-11, MCAW 40, RAI2 1258 hifi, wikHt Ram-2 yr 21 hinf, phou |
| c.1256 | HATTUSILI-III, king of 2nd Hittite Dyn 1267-37, visits Egypt to solidify treaty of 1258. Gives eldest dau as wife to RAMSES-II. | 1271 WPOT 33 1259 BHoE 439 1256 IDB 4-11, 2-51, MCAW 40 13 yrs after treaty: BHoE 439 |
| c.1250 | The land formerly called Kizzuwatna is colonized by Cilices of the south Troad, under chief MOPSUS the Seer. It is now called CILICIA V. | no date: OCD 239 |
| c.1250 | LUKKA (later Lycians), a branch of Luwians, first mentioned. | 1250 vrb |
| c.1250 | Λ LANGUAGE: GILGAMISH EPIC has a Hittite translation. | 1250 Sdl 1-405 |
| c.1250 | MONEY V: In this century, SILVER is the medium of exchange thruout Anatolia, Mesopotamia, & Levant. Babylonian shekel (8.4g) is basic weight unit. 60 shekels = 1 mina. | 1250 MCAW 41 |
| c.1240 | HATTUSILI-III, king of Hittites 1267-37, writes Autobiography . Justifies deposition of nephew Urhi-Teshub. Asks protection from Ishtar. | 1275-50 MCAW 41 |
| c.1240 | Hittite vassals in west and south-west of Anatolia rebel under Piyama-Radu, perhaps inspired by the king of Ahiyawa. | 1240 hifi |
| c.1240 | TARHUNTASSA, under Hittites from 1350, goes independent until 1200. | guess |
| c.1240 | Mycenaean Greeks sail for Troy, but land in Mysia. Greeks are attacked by Telephas king of Mysia. Achilles wounds Telephas. Greeks help heal Telephas' wound, so he guides them to Troy. | 1192 hifi |
| c.1237 | HATTUSILI-III ends. King of 2nd Hittite Dyn from 1267. Son (religious and peaceful) TUDHALIYA-IV succeeds to 1209. | 1265 RAI3, WPOT, bk 1264 Morb 1260 LEWH 50 1250 B76 IV-949, X-169, CWH, MCAW 40, Sag, Sdl 3-310, WPOT 14, anan, hifi 1237 Bryce, stma, wikH, wikHK, wikPA 1249 hinf 1245 jrank |
| c.1236 | TUDHALIYA-IV, king of Hittites 1237-09, tries to subdue rebels in west, takes Milawanda, fails to suppress Piyama-Radu. | no date: hifi |
| c.1234 | TUDHALIYA-IV, visits Egypt. | Ram-II yr 36 Grim 257 |
| c.1230 | AMURRU makes Treaty with Hittites, preventing sea trade between Assyria and Ahiyawa. | 1230 hifi |
| c.1230 | TROJAN WAR: TROY-7a from 1500, conquered by Mycenean (Achaean) Greeks and burned. The site is occupied until 1100. (See 1200.) | 1260 rcT 1250 GRG 327, mxfld 1250-40 MCAW 40 1240-30 PAE 159 1230 vrb 1190 MWΦ 98, hifi 1184 DGRG 2-33, OCD 83, TTPC 8 1183 CWH, GHH, TTT, hifi 1100 lvA |
| Greek historians placed the Trojan War in the 12th, 13th, or 14th centuries: Eratosthenes to 1184, Herodotus to 1250, Duris of Samos to 1334. Modern archaeologists associate Homeric Troy with archaeological Troy-7. In the Iliad, the Achaeans set up camp near the mouth of the Scamander (modern Karamenderes), where they beached their ships. Troy stood on a hill, across the Scamander plain where the battles took place. The site of Troy-7 is some 5km from the coast today, but the ancient mouths of Scamander, 3,000 years ago, were about that distance inland, pouring into a large bay forming a harbor that has since filled in. | wikTr |
| c.1230 | HECTOR son of Priam, killed at Troy. Though praised in the Iliad for moral character and valor as a soldier, no known Greek of the classical period will be named Hector - or Priam or Aeneas. The price of being on the losing side? | just an observation |
| c.1230 | AENEAS leads Archelochus, Acamas, and the Dardanians as allies of Troy during the Trojan War. According to legend, after the sack of Troy, Aeneas and followers are allowed to leave. Power vacuum in northwest Anatolia until Phrygians enter 1190. | 1193-83 hifi |
| c.1230 | PANDAROS, king of Zeleia, ally of Troy, killed by Diomedes of Argos. | 1183 hifi |
| c.1230 | SARPEDON, king of the Lukka, ally of Troy, killed by Patroclus. MEGARYON succeeds. | 1183 hifi |
| c.1220 | A DAM is built at Alaca Hoyuk by order of Tudhaliya IV in the name of goddess Hebat. | 1240 wikAlH |
| c.1220 | AHIYAWA fades out of history. Possibly it helped Mycenae against Troy. Possibly it is now identical to Achaea (Greece). Possibly it becomes part of the Sea Peoples. | 1220 hifi |
| c.1215 | TARHUNTASSA, independent 1240-1200, attacks the weakened Hittite state. | 1215? hifi |
| c.1209 | TUDHALIYA-IV dies. King of 2nd Hittite Dyn from 1237. Son ARNUWANDA-III succeeds to 1207. | 1241 hifi 1235 RAI3 1230 WPOT 1220 B76 X-169, MCAW 45, anan, hiwo 1228 Bryce 1220 Morb 1215 WPOT 206 1210 Brit 1209 hinf, stma, wikH, wikHK Sup-II succeeds 1190 MCAW 46 |
| c.1207 | ARNUWANDA-III ends. King of 2nd Hittite Dyn from 1209. SUPPILULIUMA-II succeeds to 1190. | 1218 Morb 1215 RAI3, WPOT, anan, hiwo 1213 jrank 1207 Bryce, stma, wikHK, wikPA 1205 hinf 1190 MCAW 46 |
| c.1205 | FAMINE in Anatolia. | 1205 pczy |
| c.1200 | ACHAEANS pressed by Doric and Aeolian tribes from the north of Greece start migrating to Anatolia. | 1200 vrb |
| c.1200 | PERGAMUM comes under Phrygia until 700. | 1200 rcT |
| c.1200 | TROY-7b, destroyed 1230, but occupied, comes under Phrygians until 900, but not rebuilt until 1190. | 1200 rcT |
| c.1200 | TROY (-7 1300-1100) comes under Phrygians until 900. | 1200 rcT |
| c. 1200 | ARMENO-PHRYGIANS, in Balkans and Thrace from 1250, cross Bosphorus straits into Anatolia. Settle west of Halys River among non-Indo-Europeans like those in Troy. V | 1250 vrb 1200 LEWH 50, TAWH 56 1190 CWH, RAI2 219 photo: Carlos Delgado |
Λ THEOLOGY: CYBELE, mother goddess, chief deity of Phrygians, usually portrayed either seated or riding a chariot drawn by lions, brought to Anatolia. Rituals include orgies.(See Rigveda 1500, Hinduism 950, Theogony 700 |
| c.1200 | MUSHKI, in Thrace from ?, cross Bosphorus straits into Anatolia, move quickly across the north. | 1200 TAWH 56 |
| c.1200 | SARDIS founded by descendants of Heracles. | 1200 ISBE 4-336 |
| c.1200 | MYSIA, devastated since Trojan war, becomes part of Phrygia until 700. | 1200 hifi |
| c.1200 | Beycesultan completely destroyed. | 1200 wikBcs |
| c.1200 | Hittites of western Anatolia, detached from the kingdom by Sea Peoples, form a state called MAEONIA, which lasts until 1140. First king is Manes or Timolus. Herodotus says emigrants from here land in Italy and become Etruscans. | 1205 RAI3 1200 hifi |
| c.1200 | LUKKA tribes now emerge as LYCIA, a tightly-knit confederation of independent minor states, independent until 546. | 1200 hifi |
| c.1200 | Ishuwa and Kizzuwatna in S.E. Anatolia fall to Sea Peoples. | 1200 hifi |
| c.1200 | TARHUNTASSA, independent from 1240, falls to Sea Peoples, disappears from history. Area is partly occupied by Aeolian and Achaean Greeks, and becomes known as PAMPHYLIA. It is independent until 600. | 1200 hifi, rcT |
| c.1200 | Λ HEATING accomplished by smoke ducts under floors in palace of king of Arzawa. | 1300 achr 1200 TTT |
| c.1200 | DROUGHT in Anatolia prompts the King to import wheat from Egypt. Dendochronology from a tree found in Gordion shows evidence of a very dry period. | 1200 pczy, wikAlH |
| c.1195 | MANES / TIMOLUS, 1st king of Maeonia, gored to death by a bull. Widow OMPHALE succeeds to 1173. | 1195 hifi |
| c.1190 | ATYS, son of Manes & Omphale, comes of age, rules Maeonia for unknown time. | 1190 hifi |
| c.1190 | SUPPILULIUMA-II ends. King of 2nd Hittite Dyn from 1209. | 1200 Morb, hifi, hiwo, jrank 1190 B76 V-67, RAI2 220, WPOT 206, anan, mxfld 1180 B76 2-192 1178 stma, wikHK, wikPA 1177 hinf |
| HATTUSA, Hittite capital from 1270, sacked and burned. Hittite culture survives south of Taurus Mts. |
| c.1190 | CARCHEMISH, under Assyria from 1260, recovered by Hittites. Becomes their chief city until 1110. | guess |
| c.1190 | 2nd HITTITE EMPIRE ends. Began 1450. Destroyed by Sea Peoples, Kashkans, and anyone else in the area. Little recorded history in Anatolia until 800. | 1230 vrb 1200 SHWC 25, WBANE 322, bk, hifi |
| c.1190 | TROY-7b, under Phrygians 1200-900, rebuilt by Thracians until 1100. | 1190 rcT |
| c.1185 | Mycenean HERACLES becomes 1st head of Heraclid dynasty, which lasts until 716, but they don't rule as kings until 1100. | 1185 anan |
| c.1183 | CYGNUS king of Colonae in the Troad from 1200s killed by Achilles of Phthia. | 1183 hifi |
| c.1183 | MYNES king of Lyrnessos in the Troad from 1200s, and son or co-king Epistrophos, both killed by Achilles of Phthia. | 1183 hifi |
| c.1183 | Mycenean HERACLES arrives in Maeonia. Required to serve queen/regent OMPHALE until 1173. | 1183 hifi |
| c.1178 Apr 16 |
SOLAR ECLIPSE: ". . . and the Sun has perished out of heaven, and an evil mist hovered over all." | Homer, Odyssey 1178 Apr 16 mrec, nasa |
| c.1173 | OMPHALE dies. Queen or regent of Maeonia from 1195. Son of Heracles, ALCAEOS succeeds until 1140. | 1173 hifi |
| c.1165 | MUSHKI, in Anatolia from 1200, arrive at west Mesopotamia. | 1165 TAWH 56 |
| c.1140 | MAEONIA, Neo-Hittite kingdom in west Anatolia from 1200, ends. Taken over by Mycenaeans. Ruler of Maeonia from 1173 ALCAEOS ends. Son BELOS succeeds to 1120. At some point, MAEONIA will become LYDIA. | 1140 hifi |
| c.1130 | AEOLIAN migration from Thessaly to Anatolia begins until 1000. | 1130 B76 I-111 |
| c.1130 | AEOLIAN Greeks of Thessaly begin migrating to Lesbos island, thence to Anatolia. Continue until 1000. | 1200 RAH 134 1130 B76 I-111 1100 GHH |
| c.1120 | Son of Alcaeos, BELOS ends. Heraclid ruler of Maeonia/Lydia from 1140. Son NINOS succeeds to 1100. | 1120 hifi |
| c.1115 | MUSHKI defeated in battle by Assyrians. | 1115 TAWH 56 |
| c.1110 | CARCHEMISH, under Hittites from 1190, taken by TIGLATH-PILESER-I. Under Assyria until ?. | 1120 wikA |
| c.1100 | LAMPS made in Europe and Anatolia burn olive or nut oil thru a wick. | 1100 TTT |
| c.1100 | Son of Belos, NINOS ends. Heraclid ruler of Maeonia/Lydia from 1120. Son ARGON succeeds as 1st Heraclid king of Lydia until ?. HERACLID DYNASTY begins in LYDIA until 716. 17 Kings. Argon's successors are unknown until 795. | 1100 hifi |
| c.1100 | TROY-7b, under Phrygians 1200-900, rebuilt from 1190, destroyed by fire, possibly by Sea Peoples. Site abandoned until 700. | 1100 B76 X-145, rcT 950 lvA |
| c.1100 | MYCENEANS on Crete chased out by Dorians, some to Anatolia. This begins the Ionian migration to Anatolia. | 1100 MCAW 50 |
| c.1068 | CODROS, last king of Attica from ?, dies. Sons Nelos and Androclos emigrate with many followers to west coast of Anatolia. | 1068 CDGRA 65, rcSB3, wikEA 1045 GHH 1044 DGRG 2-61 |
| c.1050 | IONIAN MIGRATION: MYCENEANS of Attica and Arcadia move to Anatolia. | 1050 OCD 140 1000 bk |
| c.1050 | ARMENO-PHRYGIANS, in Anatolia from 1200, settle in Phrygia. | 1000 hystn |
| c.1050 | GORDION (Gordium), Anatolia founded by Armeno-Phrygians. Lasts until 676. | 1050 MCAW 52 |
| c.1050 | CYME Aeolis founded by Greeks probably from Euboea. | 1050 wikCm 1033 GHH |
| c.1045 | EPHESUS, previously called Apasa, founded on the Ayasuluk Hill, 3km from the center of ancient Ephesus by Dorian Androclos, who drives out the native Carian and Lelegian inhabitants, and own it until 695. | 1100 IDB 1-242 1045 GHH 1044 ISBE 2-116 10th cen wikEΦ 1000 Dur 2-143 600 B76 6-904 |
| c.1045 | PHOCAEA founded by Atticans on land given to them by the Aeolian Cymaeans. | 1045 GHH |
Anatolia 1000-501
V