| c.1000 | ITALY invaded by Λ IRON V using Indo-Europeans from the Danube including Latins, who move south and conquer natives including the TERRAMARICOLI. They establish a center in Villanova region. | 1000 Dur 3-5, MCAW 56, TAWH 16, wikLat |
| c.1000 | VENETI tribe enters Italy from northeast, occupy land north of the Po. | 1000 brit |
| c.1000 | Solid WHEEL vehicles, in Europe from 2000, appear in north Italy. | pre-1000 SHT 1-211 |
| c.1000 | Area south of the Po occupied by Terramare culture 1500-1150, occupied by invading Λ IRON V using Indo-Europeans including Latins, who move south and conquer natives. They establish a center in Villanova (a region of disputed location). | 1000 Dur III-5, MCAW 56, TAWH 16 |
| c.1000 | VILLANOVANS cross Tiber R. settle in Old Latium between the Tiber and the promontory of Monte Circeo. Unknown if they conquered, exterminated, or merged with the Neolithic culture there. They make funerary urns in the shape of huts. By 700 they become known as LATINS. | 1000 Dur III-11, mxfld, wikLat |
| c.1000 | Primitive settlements exist at Rome. | 1000 MCAW 56 |
| c.988 | ALBA, king of Latium at Alba Longa from 1027, ends. ATYS (Capetus) succeeds until 962. | 988 rcRm |
| c.975 | DENTAL BRIDGEWORK & false teeth made by Etruscan goldsmiths, mostly for cosmetic purposes. | 1000-951 TTS, TTT |
| c.962 | ATYS (Capetus), king of Latium at Alba Longa from 988, ends. CAPYS succeeds until 934. | 976 GHH 962 rcRm |
| c.934 | CAPYS, king of Latium from 962, ends. CAPETUS succeeds until 921. | 934 rcRm 916 GHH |
| c.921 | CAPETUS, king of Latium at Alba Longa from 934, ends. TIBERINUS succeeds until 913. | 921 rcRm 903 GHH |
| c.913 | TIBERINUS, king of Latium at Alba Longa from 903, is defeated in battle. He throws himself into river Albula, which is then renamed Tiber. AGRIPPA succeeds until 872. | 913 rcRm 895 GHH |
| c.900 | BRONZE AGE in ITALY ends. Began 1800. Λ IRON V Age begins. |
900 wikLat 9-800 B76 19-278 |
| c.900 | ATESTE becomes a center for a branch of Veneti now called Atestines. Culture similar to Villanovan. | 900 EIEC 183, SHRC 16, flm |
| c.900 | ETRUSCANS arrive in ETRURIA Italy, probably by sea from Anatolia (Lydia according to Herodotus). Dig iron mines at Elban and Tuscany, build towns. | 900 LEWH 81, SHT 2-59, TTPC, vrb pre-800 B76 III-984 |
| c.900 | Etruscan POTTERY: Cremation urns are the most characteristic vessel. They are usually biconical, but are sometimes shaped and decorated to look like a hut. | 900 B76 14-900 |
| c.872 | AGRIPPA, king of Latium at Alba Longa from 913, ends. ROMULUS-I Allodius succeeds until 853. | 872 rcRm 864 GHH |
| c.853 | ROMULUS-I Allodius, king of Latium at Alba Longa from 872, ends. AVANTINUS succeeds until 816. | 853 rcRm 864 GHH |
| c.850 |  Villanovan Tomb. The main characteristic of the Villanovans are incinerated sepultures, in which the dead's ashes are housed in double-cone shaped urns and buried. |
9th cen. wikPIIA Photo Sailko |
| c.850 | 
GOLASECCA culture begins between rivers Po, Serio and Sesia until 388. Material evidence is scattered over a wide area of 20,000 kmē. |
9th cen. wikGC, wikPIIA map GNU FDL |
| c.850 | ROME first settled: clusters of huts on Palatine Hill. | 1000 MCAW 56 850 PW 15 |
| c.847 | ASISIUM (Assissi) founded on a spur of Mt. Subasio by Umbrian Dardanus, founder of the Dardanians. | 847 wikIU |
| c.816 | AVENTINUS, king of Latium at Alba Longa from 853, ends. PROCAS succeeds until 793. | 816 rcRm 808 GHH |
| c.800 | ITALICS (Osci Umbri, Veneti, Lepontii) move into Italy. | 800 wikPI |
| c.800 | ETRUSCANS, in Etruria from 900, move into central Italy between Arno and Tibur rivers, establish city states, use horse drawn chariots. Etruscans of Tarquinii spread to area which will be Capua probably to facilitate trade. | 800 PW 15, mxfld 800-700 TToH 700 B76 19-281 |
| c.800 | ETRUSCAN architecture, paintings, bronze figures of gods, vases, cups, gems, sarcophagi begin. | 800 GHH |
| c.800 | TARQUINII founded by Etruscans. | 9-700 wikIK |
| c.800 | VILLANOVANS, in Italy from 1100, conquered by ETRUSCANS. | 800 Dur 3-5 |
| c.800 | PARILIA festival begins: Performed annually on 21 April, for cleansing sheep and shepherds. It is carried out in acknowledgment to the Roman deity Pales, a god of uncertain gender who was a patron of shepherds and sheep. | pre founding of Rome wikPrl |
| c.795 | PROCAS, king of Latuim at Alba Longa from 816, ends. NUMITOR succeeds until 770. Etruscan architecture begins. | 800 GHH 795 GHH 793 rcRm |
| c.774 | PANDOSIA (later Acri) in Bruttium founded by Greeks. Not same as Pandosia (later Tursi) in Lucania. | 774 GHH |
| c.770 | NUMITOR king of Latium at Alba Longa from 793, overthrown by bro AMULIUS, who succeeds until 752. Numitor's dau ILIA is condemned by Amulius to celibacy. | 794 GHH 770 rcRm |
| c.770 | ILIA, dau of Numitor, vestal virgin, is raped. | 771 GHH |
| c.770 | RHEA SILVIA, vestal virgin, is raped by an unknown assailant and blames pregnancy on divine conception. Mars and Hercules are credited. | no date: anhs |
| c.770 | ROMULUS and REMUS born to Ilia, who is buried alive. A servant sets her twins adrift on the Tiber. Shepherd Faustulus of Aventine rescues them, and his wife Lupa "wolf" nourishes them. | 770 GHH |
| c. 770 | ROMULUS and REMUS born to Rhea Silvia, who is supposed to be buried alive, but King Amulius, fearing the wrath of Mars or Hercules decrees mercy, but imprisoned Rhea Silvia and orders the twins' buried alive, exposed, or thrown into the Tiber. He orders a servant to carry out the death sentence, but in every scenario, the servant places the twins in a basket and spares them. The Tiber carries them to a fig tree at the base of the Palatine Hill in the Velabrum swamp. The twins are discovered by a she-wolf (lupa), who suckles them and they are fed by a wood-pecker or picus. Eventually, they are discovered and cared for by a shepherd and his wife: Faustulus and Acca Larentia. | no date: anhs |
| c. 754 | While herding sheep, Romulus and Remus are met by shepherds of King Amulius. These shepherds start a fight, in which Remus is captured and taken to King Amulius. Romulus gathers a band of local shepherds to join him in rescuing his bro. Amulius believes that Rhea Silvia's children are dead, and does not recognize Remus or Romulus. Romulus frees his bro, and kills King Amulius. | no date: anhs |
| c.754 | AMULIUS king of Latium at Alba Longa from 794, killed by ROMULUS, who reinstates NUMITOR. | 754 GHH 752 rcRm |
| c. 754 | Romulus and Remus reject an offer of the crown of Alba Longa and reinstate Nimitor as king. They leave Alba Longa to found their own city. The bros quarrel over the location of the foundation of their new city. Romulus wants to start the city on the Palatine Hill. Remus prefers the Aventine Hill. To settle their disagreement, they consult augury. Each brother prepares a sacred space on their respective hills and watches for birds. Remus claims to have seen 6 vultures, or eagles. Romulus says he saw 12. Romulus says he won, but Remus says that since he saw his 6 birds first, he won. | no date: anhs, crstl |
| c.753 | Romulus begins to dig trenches and build walls around his hill: the Palatine. Remus mocks his bro's city, and jumps over its wall. Romulus kills Remus. There are several versions as to how Remus is killed. He is buried on a hill hence called Remuria. | no date: anhs, wikRnR |
| Romulus tells Celer to kill anyone who crosses the walls or the furrow. Remus, ignorant of the ban, leaps across them and is killed by Celer. | 753 CAH 10-816, GHH |
| c. 753 Apr 21 | ROME founded. ROMULUS, son of Mars and a Vestal Virgin named Rhea, founds Rome on Palatine hill east of the Tiber. Romulus becomes 1st king until 716. Period of Roman kings begins until 509. Atticus & Varro say it was in the 3rd year of the 6th Olympiad: 753, Cato says 751, Polybius says 750, Fabius Pictor says 747. |
traditional 753 CAH 7.2, CDCC 486, CDGRA 162, DGRBM, Dur III-12, GHH, HRRP 1-1, Jud 16-1263, LEWH 82, MCAW 62, MRDK 238, OHG, RW, SHWC 101, TAWH 16, TTT, bk, vrb |
| c.753 | POMERIUM: (legal and religious boundary of Rome denoted by marker stones, as opposed to walls) is legendarily fixed by Romulus. Remains unchanged until 81. | wikPmr |
| c.753 | 3 original Roman tribes: Ramnes, Tities, Luceres are purely family groupings. Each tribe is headed by a tribune - a civil, religious and military magistrate. Each tribe is divided into 10 curiae (voting wards). These 30 curiae form the comitia curiata (curiate assembly). The assembly of the tribes is the comitia tributa, a legislative body and court of appeal for non-capital cases. A SENATE has 100 members until 665, a constitution based on agriculture, plebs. | 753 GHH no date: about, wikLRT, wikRT |
| c.752 | LATINS emerge out of Villanovan culture. | 752 wikTAR |
10 month CALENDAR V at founding of Rome |
| Martius (31 days) |
| Aprilis (30 days) |
| Maius (31 days) |
| Iunius (30 days) |
| Quintilis (31 days) |
| Sextilis (30 days) |
| September (30 days) |
| October (31 days) |
| November (30 days) |
| December (30 days) |
| c.750 | 
KEGELHEIM HELMET. Conical bronze, open-faced, sometimes with cheek protectors, or a crest-holder on top. Made sometimes in several pieces. It is the progenitor of many Greek helmets, especially the Illyrian type. |
GNU FDL 8th cen. wikKH |
| c.750 | ETRUSCANS begin colonizing Mediterranean. | 750 TTT |
| c.750 | Rape of the Sabine Women: Romulus and his mostly male followers abduct wives from neighboring Sabine families during a festival of Neptune Equester. Livy says no sexual assault happens. Romulus offers them free choice and promises civic and property rights, and says it was the fault of their parents for denying the right of intermarriage to their neighbors. | 753 DGRBM, GHH 750 wikRSW |
| c.750 | PITECUSA on island of Ischia in Bay of Naples founded as a trading post by Greek merchants of Euboea. | 775 OHG 8-700 mxfld 750 CAH 3.3, CDCC 332, vrb |
| c.750 | CAMPANIA, Italy, under Ausones: Greeks begin colonizing, remain dominant until 600. | 750 OCD 199 |
| c.750 | Greeks begin colonizing Italy, mostly republics. | 750 GHH, bk |
| c.750 | GREEK ALPHABET introduced to Greek cities in south Italy. | 750 B76 19-278 |
| c.750 | HAND CRANK used by Etruscans. | 800-700 TToH 7 |
| c.750 | WHEEL-MADE VASES appear in south Italy. | 750 SHT 1-203 |
| c.750 | 
Etruria with 12 cities of Etruscan League, and expansion to 500. |
700 wikEL map Norman Einstein |
| c.750 | BONONIA (Bologna), under Villanovans 1050-510, now a cluster of villages with easy access to Etruria, becomes an economic power. | 750 mxfld |
| c.750 | CUMAE, an Ionian city from 1052, refounded by colonists from Eretria, Chalcis, Euboean Cyme, Graia. Comes under aristocratic oligarchy until 503. | 770 Dur 2-66 760 LEWH 62 750 B76 III-289, Dur 2-169, OCD 264, 301, RAH 146, rcSI 750-25 CAH 7.2 |
| c.747 | SABINES settle on Capitoline and Quirinal hills. They make treaty with Romulus. | 747 GHH |
| c.747 | Rome has war with Veii. | 747 GHH |
| c.735 | TEMPLE of JUNO LUCINA V built on Esquiline hill outside of Rome. | 735 NLEM 204, amast, crdp |
| c.732 | CIRCENSIAN GAMES established by Romulus. | 732 GHH |
| c.725 | ETRURIA: Hill top villages begin to consolidate into city-states. 1st is Tarquinii north of the Tiber mouth on the west coast; then Caere to the south, reaching the Tiber; then Vulci north of Tarquinii; and finally Clusium and Veii, as inland city-states. | 750-25 mxfld |
| c.721 | SYBARIS, on south coast of Italy founded by Achaean Greeks and Troezenians. Under Achaean oligarchy until 530. | 721 DGRBM, Dur 2-66, GHH, LEWH 62 720 CAH 3.1, 3.3, 7.2, MCAW 64, OCD 264, 1026, OHG 700 rcSI |
| c.720 | RHEGIUM south Italy founded by Chalcidians and refugee Messenian nobility under Alcidamus, under tyranny until 461. | 749 GHH 730 LEWH 62, Dur 2-167 730-20 GRG 223 720 B76 VIII-480, OCD 264, 920 716 B76 8-330 |
| c.716 | Roman conquest of the Caeninenses, Crustumini, and Antemnates. War and league with the Sabines, who settle on the Capitoline and Quirinal under Sabine king T. Tatius. Tatius is slain at a festival at Laurentum by some Laurentines to whom he had refused satisfaction for outrages committed by his kinsmen. Romulus then rules alone over Romans and Sabines. Wars with Fidenae and Veii. | 747 GHH 716 DGRBM |
| c.716 | ROMULUS dies. Legendary 1st king of Rome from 753, murdered by senators (Goes up in a whirlwind, worshipped as the god Quirinus). After a 1 year interregnum, Sabine NUMA POMPILIUS succeeds, and reigns peacefully until 673. Founder of religious rites. | 717 CDCC 486, rcRm, wikRnR 716 DGRBM, GHH, HRRP 1-1, MRDK, bk Numa succeeds 715 B76 VII-439, CAH 7.2, CDCC 486, 616, HRRP 1-12, LEWH 82, MCAW 64, TToH |
| c.715 | MUSIC introduced at Rome at the time of sacrifice. | 715 GHH |
| c.713 | Roman Λ Calendar V reformed by Numa Pompilius. January & February added to the previously 10 month calendar, which is now a 355 day year. (See Egyptian 1500, Gezer 950, Babylonian 747, Mayan 613, Cleostratos 520, Chinese 444) |
713 GHH 8th cent.: TToH no date: B76 3-598, wikRC |
12 month calendar of Numa |
| Januaius (29 days) |
| Februius (28 days) |
| Martius (31 days) |
| Aprilis (29 days) |
| Maius (31 days) |
| Iunius (29 days) |
| Quintilis (31 days) |
| Sextilis (29 days) |
| September (29 days) |
| October (31 days) |
| November (29 days) |
| December (29 days) |
| c.710 | AUGURS instituted at Rome. Religious officials who observe natural signs, especially behavior of birds, as an indication of divine approval or disapproval of a proposed action. | 710 GHH |
| c.710 | VESTALS instituted at Rome. Vestal Virgin tenure usually lasts from age 6 to 36, after which she may leave the priesthood and marry. Most chose to remain. | 710 GHH no date: wikTV |
| c.710 | CROTON, Italy, originally a Messapic settlement, founded by Achaean Greeks led by Myscellos. Government unknown until 675 | 710 DGRG 1-448, 709, DGRBM 2-1133, GHH, Dur 2-161, LEWH 62, OCD 299, rcSI 709 CAH 3.3-160, 7.2, OCD 264 |
| c.706 | TARAS (later called Tarentum), Apulia founded by Spartan parthenae under Phalanthos. Remains an oligarchy until 475. | 708 DGRBM 3-234, GHH 707 GHH 706 B76 8-731, CAH 3.3, GRG 325, OCD 264, wikTr 706-5 CAH 7.2 705 Dur 2-66, LEWH 62 |
| c.700 | ETRUSCANS mine copper on west coast, Λ IRON at Elba, smelt iron at Populonia, sell pig iron thruout Italy. | 700 Dur III-6 |
| c.700 | 1st TEMPLE of VESTA built in the Roman Forum by Numa Pompilius, along with the original Regia and House of the Vestal Virgins in its original form. Rebuilt 575. | later reconstruction: Wknight94 8-700 wikTV |
| c.700 | TEMPLE of JANUS built by Numa Pompilius. Inside is a statue of Janus, the 2-faced god of boundaries. Temple has doors on both ends, called the gates of war, which are always open in time of war. They remain closed until 670. | no date: wikTJ |
| c.700 | Mountainous region of south Italy later called Lucania, colonized by Greeks, who hold it until 420. | 700 OCD 621 |
| c.700 | LOCRI Epizephrii on the toe of Italy founded by Greeks of Locris. | 706 GHH 700 OCD 616 680 B76 VI-293 679 CAH 3.3-161 673 B76 8-331 |
| c.700 | POSIDONIA Lucania (west coast of Italy) founded by Greeks of Sybaris. Under Greeks until 400. | 700 Dur 2-66, OCD 264 625/00 CAH 7.2, GRG 325 600 CAH IV-116 |
| c.700 | Etruscan Λ LANGUAGE V, not related to any living language, is attested from now to 50CE. 13,000 inscriptions (dedications, epitaphs, etc.), most short, date from 700. Only 1 book (mostly undeciphered) has survived. Etruscan words passed down by Romans: columna (column), voltur (vulture), tuba (trumpet), vagina (originally meaning sheath), populus (people). | 700 wikEL |
| c.690 | ETRUSCAN ALPHABET V (Old Italic) developed from Chalcidian Greek. Has 26 letters until 5th cen. Usually written right to left. 1st alphabet to condense ph into f. (See India 850, Greek 750) |
800-700 SHT 1-769, wss 750 wikHW 700 B76 III-983, 19-278, CAH 7.2 690 PW 15 700-650 MCAW 69 no date: wikEL |
| c.690 | METAPONTUM on south coast of Italy founded by Achaeans from Sybaris. | 774 GHH 733 CAH 3.3-161 690 CDCC 577 650 CAH 7.2 |
| c.675 | CROTON, on east coast of Calabrian Peninsula from 710, comes under oligarchy until 510. | 675 rcSI |
| c.675 | POLEIUM founded on south coast of Italy by Siris river southwest of Metapontum by Greeks of Colophon. It will gradually come to be called SIRIS. | 690-60 wikSrs 680-50 CAH 3.3-162. 7.2 |
| c.673 | NUMA POMPILIUS dies. 2nd king of Rome from 716. Warrior TULLUS HOSTILIUS succeeds 672-41. | 677,3, or2 GHH 673 B76 VII-439, X-175, CDCC 486, 616, DGRBM, HRRP 1-12, 20, LEWH 82, MRDK, TToH, rcRm 672 CAH 7.2, bk |
| c.672 | ALBANS camp near Rome. | 672 GHH |
| c.671 | CLUILIUS, king of Latium at Alba Longa, sends embassy to Tullus Hostilius alledging a tresspass on his territory by Romans. Tullus, wanting war, imprisons them. | 671 GHH |
| c.670 | Mettius Fufetius becomes dictator of Latium at Alba Longa until 665. | 670 rcRm |
| c.670 | Roman territory invaded by Albans. | 670 GHH |
| c.670 | Before marching against the Albans, Tullus Hostilius ceremonially opens the GATES of the TEMPLE of JANUS, which had always been closed from 700. They remain open until 235. | no date: wikTJ |
| c.670 | Romans invade Alba Longa territory. | 670 GHH |
| c.670 | The 3 Horatii fight and kill the 3 Curiatti. 2 of the Horatii are killed. | 670 GHH |
| c.670 | Alba Longa, capital of Latium, submits to Rome. | 670 GHH |
| c.665 | Alba Longa, wants to regain independence, incites Veii and Fidenae to attack Rome, which allies with Latins and wars with Veii and Fidenae. | 665/4 GHH |
| c.665 | SENATE, 100 men from 753, increased to 200 until 616. | 665 GHH |
| c.665 | Alban dictator Mettius acts cowardly and treacherously in battle between Romans and Veii. | 665 GHH |
| c.665 | Mettius Fufetius, dictator of Latium at Alba Longa from 670, is torn to pieces. | 665 GHH, rcRm |
| c.665 | ALBA LONGA, leader of a Latin League, destroyed by Rome, which now takes over the League. Albans transferred to Rome. | 665 GHH 600 OCD 583 |
| c.660 | Legislator ZALEUCUS flourishes in Locri, south Italy: Famed for conciliating social factions. Laws of Zaleucus , dictated to him in a dream by Athena. Notorious for severity, but accepted in many Italian and Sicilian cities. Makes Locri the 1st Greek city to have a law code. | 670 OHG 664 Dur 2-167 663 GRG 325 662 DGRBM 660 B76 VI-293, Dur 2-66, GHH 650 OCD 1144 |
| c.657 | DEMARATUS, rich Bacchiad merchant of Corinth, banished by Cypselos, goes to Tarquinii, Etruria, marries an Etruscan woman. | 657 DGRBM 1-959 655 Dur 3-14 |
| c.657 | Craftsmen Eucher, Diopus, and Eugrammus follow Demaratus to Tarquinii, Etruria, introduce Corinthian pottery. | 664 DGRBM 2-62 |
| c.650 | ETRUSCANS of north Italy seek to expand into Campania. Unfortunately Rome is in their way. | 650 MCAW 76 |
| c.650 | CAULONIA, on toe of Italy, founded by Achaean Greeks. | 650 CAH 7.2, |
| c.650 | Hoplite armor introduced in central Italy. | 650 CAH 7.2 |
| c.650 |  KOPIS SWORD is first evidenced in Etruria. Early examples have a blade length up to 65cm, making it almost equal in size to the later spatha. Later Macedonian examples have a blade length of @48cm. The kopis has a single-edged blade that bulges towards the point and concave near the hilt. This shape is often termed "recurved". |
Picture {{PD-US}} 7-600 wikKp |
| c.641 | TULLUS HOSTILIUS dies. Warrior king of Rome from 672. Sabine son of a dau of Numa, ANCUS MARTIUS succeeds to 616. | 642 B76 X-175, CDCC 146, 486, MCAW 73 641 DGRBM, LEWH 82, OCD 1099 640 CAH 7.2, GHH, HRRP 1-20, 28, bk, rcRm 638 DGRBM 1-168 |
| c.641 | ANCUS MARTIUS first act as king is to order the Pontifex Maximus to copy the text on performance of public religious ceremonies from the commentaries of Numa Pompilius to be displayed, so that religious rites should no longer be neglected or improperly performed. | no date: wikAM |
 |
| c.640 | PONS SIBLICIUS, Rome's 1st bridge over Tiber, built of wood by Ancus Martius king of Rome 641-16. | 642 MCAW 73, wikPS |
| c.640 | OSTIA, until now on the coast, refounded 3km inland by Ancus Martius. | 642 GHH, MCAW 73 |
| c.630 | Latins encroach on Roman lands. Roman embassy seeks restitution for damage. Latins refuse. Ancus Martius declares war on Latins, takes Latin town of Politorium by storm. Politorians are relocated to the Aventine Hill as Roman citizens. Other Latins occupy Politorium. Ancus takes the town again and demolishes it. Latin villages Tellenae and Ficana are also sacked and demolished. | 640 GHH no date: wikAM |
| c.630 | ROME: On the site of former huts, the royal shrine-dwelling of the Regia is constructed. | 630 CAH 7.2-37 |
| c.630 | ROME: The Comitium (assembly area) and the Curia Hostilia (senate-house) are built. | 630 CAH 7.2-37 |
| c.626 | Fortified Latin town of MEDULLIA is taken by Rome. More Latins are brought to Rome as citizens and settled at the foot of the Aventine near the Palatine Hill, by the temple of Murcia. | no date: wikAM |
| c.625 | Forum paved 2nd time. | 625 CAH 7.2-37 |
| c.621 | LAURENTIAN FESTIVAL established. | 621 GHH |
| c.620 | Ancus Marcius incorporates the JANICULUM hill west of the Tiber, fortifying it with a wall. It is accessible to Rome by the Pons Sublicius (640), a wooden bridge across the Tiber. On the land side of the city he constructs the Fossa Quiritium, a ditch fortification (location unknown). | no date: wikAM, wikJnc |
| c.620 | LATIN Λ ALPHABET V developed from Etruscan influenced by Chalcidian Greek. (See Greek 750, Zapotec 500, Mesopotamia 500) | 7-600 wss pre-600 B76 VI-69 no date: OCD 48 |
| c.616 | Prior to the Tarquins, Rome has no images of gods. During and after the Tarquin period, clay and wood statues of gods made by Etruscan artists appear. | no date: DGRA 1068 |
| c.616 | ANCUS MARTIUS, dies. Sabine king of Rome from 641. Tarquinius Priscus, son of Demaratos of Corinth, guardian of Ancus's teenage sons, bids for crown by speeches to plebes, TARQUINIUS PRISCUS becomes 1st Etruscan king of Rome until 579. Gains power over arisocracy. | 618 Dur 3-1, GHH 617 CDCC 146, 486 616 B76 15-1086, CAH 7.2, CDCC 331, DGRBM, HRRP 1-28, LEWH 82, MCAW 74, OCD 1038, RW, bk, mxfld, rcRm, vrb 614 DGRBM 1-168 |
| ETRUSCAN DYNASTY of Rome begins until 509. |
| c.616 | Sabines and Latins conquered. | 616 GHH |
| c.616 | Foundation of the capitol laid. | 616 GHH |
| c.616 | EQUITES doubled in number. | 616 GHH |
| c.616 | SENATE, 200 men from 665, increased to 300 until ?. The new 100 are named Minoes Gentes. | 616 GHH |
 Circus Maximus facing Palatine Hill Petar Milosevic |
| c.605 | CIRCUS MAXIMUS built by Tarquinius Priscus between the Palatine and Aventine hills. People sit on the hill slopes to watch sport events. Senators and equites privately finance raised seating above that of the commoners. Race horses and pugilists are imported from Etruria. Still, it is little more than some wooden structures and a track until 329. | 605 GHH no date: Dur 3-18, wikLTP |
| c.604 | DIVORCE V first attested in Rome by historian Valerius Maximus. | 604 wikMAR |
| c.600 | INSUBRES, a tribe of Gauls under Bellovesus, begin migrating into north Italy. | 600 CAH 7.2-303, hifiBo |
| c.600 | MELPUM (Mediolanum, Milan), Italy, founded by Gauls, mainly Insubres. | 600 B76 17-190, hifiBo 504 GHH |
| c.600 | Bellovesus and his horde defeat the Etruscans near the Ticinus, and settle there. | 600 hifiBo |
| c.600 | First known Italic inscriptions . | 600 vrb |
| c.600 |  First Temple of HERA at Posidonia built by Greeks. Has wide, dish-shaped Doric capitals. It will be incorrectly called a temple of Neptune because it's at Posidonia. Poseidon = Neptune. 2nd 455. |
photo Norbert Nagel 600 wikPst 550 pstm |
| c.600 | The area that will become the ROMAN FORUM ceases to be used as a cemetery. | 600 MCAW 79 |
| c.600 | TARQUINIUS PRISCUS 1st Etruscan king of Rome 616-579, adds 100 men from minor leading families to the Senate. Among them is the Octavii. | no date: wikLTP |
| c.600 | CAMPANIA, Italy, full of Greek colonies from 750, invaded by ETRUSCANS, who establish a league of 12 cities headed by Capua. | 600 OCD 199, 203 |
| c.600 | CAPUA, Italy, founded by ETRUSCANS. Under Etruscans until 425. | 800 CDCC 163 600 OCD 410, ane, wikCap |
| c.600 | POSIDONIA near coast of Campania, founded by Greek colonists from Sybaris or Troezen. | 600 wikPst |
| c.600 | CUMAE, Italy, Greek colony 750-421, resists Etruscans. | 600 OCD 199 |
| c.600 | Parthenope, a Cumaean settlement on the north of the Bay of Naples from c.800, becomes called Palaeopolis "old city" when a new settlement is founded by Greeks of Cumae just south of it. This is called NEAPOLIS "new city". Remains under Greeks until 327. | 675 CAH 7.2, 600 CAH 4-117, GRG 325, OCD 725, rcSI |
| c.600 | SYBARIS south Italy, under Achaean oligarchy 721-530, rises in prominence and luxury. Music and other arts are cultivated. | 600 GHH |
| c.590 | Latin town of APIOLAE stormed and captured by Tarquinius Priscus, taking much loot. | pre-588 wikLTP |
| c.590 | Etruscan ARCH adopted by Roman architects. (See Mycenean 1300, Smyrna 825) | 590 MCAW 83 |
| c.590 | LUDI "games" ROMANI, a religious festival honoring Jupiter, established annually in September by Tarquinius Priscus to celebrate his capture of Apiolae. It lasts only one day until 509. | no date: wikLR |
| c.590 | After a flood, the damp lowlands of Rome are drained by construction of the CLOACA MAXIMA (sewer system) begins until 575. | 600 GHH 590 MCAW 83 no date: wikLTP |
| c.585 | SABINES, with Etruscan auxiliaries, invade Rome, and are defeated in the streets by Tarquinius Priscus. In following peace negotiations, Tarquinius receives the town of Collatia, and appoints his nephew Aruns Tarquinius, surnamed Egerius, as commander of the garrison which he stations there. | no date: wikLTP |
| c.585 | Shrine to Aphrodite-Turan founded at GRAVISCA, port of the Etruscan city of Tarquinii. | 590-80 CAH 7.2-48 |
| c.585 | TARQUINIUS PRISCUS king of Rome, returns to Rome and celebrates a triumph for victories over Sabines. | 585 wikLTP |
| c.584 | 5 Etruscan cities declare war on Rome. 7 other Etruscan cities join forces with them. Etruscans capture the Roman colony at Fidenae. Tarquinius eventually defeats and subjugates them. Each of these wars brings loot to Rome. | no date: wikLTP |
| c.580 |  TARQUINIUS PRISCUS king of Rome, builds a stone wall around Rome, still restricted to the Palatine hill east of the Tiber. |
no date: wikLTP |
| c.580 | GRAPE VINE is now cultivated in Rome. | 580 SHT 2-122 |
| c.580 | Major Etruscan centers of Padan Etruria are founded. | 580 hifiCT |
| c.580 | Latin cities: Corniculum, old Ficulea, Cameria, Crustumerium, Ameriola, Medullia, and Nomentum are subdued and become Roman. | no date: wikLTP |
| c.580 | SYBARIS, south Italy, under Achaean oligarchy 721-530, Smindyrides becomes ruler until 560. Sybaris peaks during his rule. | 580 DGRG 2-1075 |
| c.579 | Temple to Jupiter Optimus Maximus on Capitoline Hill is begun by Tarquinius Priscus, partly funded by plunder from Sabines. Finished 509. | last act: wikLTP |
| c.579 | Son of Demaratos of Corinth, TARQUINIUS PRISCUS dies. 1st Etruscan king of Rome from 616, killed by sons of former king Ancus Martius. | 579 B76 15-1086, CDCC 331, OCD 1038, RW, bk, rcRm 578 CAH 7.2, DGRBM, HRRP 1-29, LEWH 82, MRDK |
| Patricians try to reduce monarchy to a religious role. |
| c.578 | TANAQUIL, widow of Tarquinius Priscus, gets crown for her son-in-law. SERVIUS TULLIUS becomes king of Rome until 534. (1st king not chosen by the people) | 579 RW, bk 578 B76 IX-76, CDCC 486, DGRBM, GHH, HRRP 1-35, MCAW 82 MRDK no date: Dur 3-14 |
| c.578 | ESQUILINE and VIMINAL hills added to the city tribes. | 578 GHH |
| c.578 | 1st Roman COINS minted by Servius Tullius. Earliest Roman coins are not struck, but cast in a mold. Sometimes the mold contains no figure, but merely shapes the circumference. | 578 GHH no date: DGRA 766, wikST |
| c.575 | 
TEMPLE of VESTA, in Forum from c.700, rebuilt in current location. Circular with 20 columns. Instead of a cult statue in the cella there is a hearth which holds the sacred flame. Destroyed 390. |
later reconstruction: Wknight94 575 wikTV |
| c.575 |  CLOACA MAXIMA (Roman sewer system), begun 590, completed. 3 concentric stone arches, innermost 14 ft diameter. |
575 B76 15-1078 |
| c.570 | LIBERTINI (aka aerarii, landless freemen who were born slaves) placed by Servius Tullius in the 4 urban tribes until 312. | no date: DGRA 731 |
| c.570 | SERVIUS TULLIUS king of Rome 578-34, fortifies Rome with bank and ditch. Opposed by patricians. Allies with richer plebes and army. Reorganizes Rome into a soldier state. | 578 MCAW 85, Dur 3-14 550 GHH |
 pub dom Lapis Niger plan |
 pub dom Lapis Niger |
 Latin inscriptions |
| c.570 | Lapis Niger "Black Stone" , a shrine in the forum, contains a stone block with one of the oldest extant Latin inscription. It proves:
1. that Romans remained Latin-speakers when some historians thought they had become Etruscanised.
2. Rome had kings at this time. |
600 CAH 7.2-81, wikLat 570-50 wikLN |
| Discovered 1899 in Roman forum. |
| c.570 | Roman army organized by Servius Tullius. 5 infantry classes based on wealth. LEGION: 4,000 infantry, 600 cavalry, divided into centuries of 100 men. This system lasts until c.500. |
no date: CDCC 510 |
| c.566 | 1st LUSTRUM V performed by Servius Tullius after completing a census. Originally a sacrifice for expiation and purification offered by one of the censors in the name of the Roman people at the close of the census taking. Censuses are taken every 5 years, thus a lustrum becomes the 5-year inter-census period. | 566 CDGRA 399, DGRA 719, GHH, wikLs |
| c.565 | ATRIA on Po River delta, founded by Greeks and Etruscans. | 560s GRG 327 |
| c.560 | 1st CENSUS V in Rome taken by Servius Tullius: 84,700 adult males. Counts people and property. Divides citizens into 6 classes by wealth, not birth, which determines taxes and position in army. Those who can afford horse and armor are equites (cavalry). Counts 80,000 soldiers. Only the proletariat are exempt from military service. Consuls take census until 443. | 566 GHH 560 Dur 3-15 no date: CAH 7.2-137, MCAW 85 |
| c.560 | SERVIUS TULLIUS redivides Rome into 35 new tribes by locale rather than kinship or rank, thereby weakening cohesion of aristocracy. This lasts until 508. | no date: Dur 3-15 |
| c. 560 | COMITIA CENTURIATA, begun by Servius Tullius, designed to mirror the Roman army during the time of the Kingdom. 193 Centuries, each divided into 1 of 3 grades: officer class (cavalry or equites), enlisted class (infantry or pedites), miscellaneous class (mostly unarmed adjuncts). Officer class is grouped into 18 Centuries, 6 of which are composed of Patricians. Enlisted class is grouped into 170 Centuries divided into 5 classes, each with a separate property requirement: 1st class: soldiers with heavy armor, lower classes had successively less armor, the soldiers of 5th class have slings and stones. During a vote, all Centuries of a class vote before Centuries of the next lower class vote. Revised 450. | 550 GHH no date: wikCA |
| c.560 | SMINDYRIDES, ruler of Sybaris south Italy from 580, ends. | 560 DGRG 2-1075 |
| c.550 | VOLCI founded by Etruscans. | 550 wikIK |
| c.550 | Cult of Dionysus is established in Greek cities of south Italy. | 6th cen acdm |
| c.550 | MANTUA, a settlement on banks of Mincio river from 2000, re-founded by Etruscans. Named for Etruscan god Mantus of Hades. | 6-500 wikMnt |
| c.550 | ELEA (Velia), Italy founded by Phocaeans who had been driven from Corsica to Rhegium. | 580-70 or 535 CAH 7.2 550 Dur 2-66 540 CAH 3.3-161, OCD 377 535 B76 8-331, CAH 4-117 |
| c.550 | SYBARIS, south Italy, under Achaean oligarchy 721-530, builds loose federation of Achaean cities. CROTON, another Achaean city, becomes chief rival. |
550 B76 8-346 |
| c.550 | Ionian fashion comes to Etruria. Wool tunics are replaced by thin linen Ionic tunics. Pointed shoes for men and women appear until 475. A Greek veil often covers women's hair. Men wear long hair. Mantles for women remain rectangular, but are not worn in contemporary Greek fashion. Men wear a rounded mantle. | 550 B76 5-1022-3 |
| c.550 | Temples of FORTUNA and DIANA built by Servius Tullius. | no date: wikST |
| c.550 | SERVIUS TULLIUS expands Rome to include the Quirinal, Viminal and Esquiline hills. | no date: wikST |
| c.550 | 30 PLEB tribes in Rome. | 550 GHH |
| c.543 | 10,000 Locrians and Rhegians defeat 130,000 Crotoniates on Sagra River. | 540 GRG 230 |
| c.540 | IBYCUS, poet of Rhegium, flourishes. 1st known to mention "Famous Orpheos" as a king of Thrace. | 560 GHH 540 OHG 530 orti |
| c.535 | TARQUIN-II, grandson of Tarquinius Priscus, charges SERVIUS TULLIUS with ruling illegally. Servius calls for a plebiscite and wins unanymously. | 535 Dur 3-15 |
| c.534 | SERVIUS TULLIUS dies. 2nd Etruscan king of Rome from 578, murdered by instigation of dau Tullia and son-in-law L. Tarquinius Superbus, son of Tarquinius Priscus, who siezes throne without election. L. TARQUINIUS SUPERBUS succeeds until 509. | 535 CDCC 486, bk 534 B76 IX-76, CDCC 331, DGRBM, GHH, HRRP 1-35, 40, LEWH 82, MCAW 92, 95, MRDK, OCD 1038, RW, rcRm 38 yr reign: Dur 3-14 T.S. succeeds 510 CDCC 486 |
| c.534 | L. TARQUINIUS SUPERBUS 3rd Etruscan king of Rome 534-09, executes many senators, revokes concesions to plebs, hires bodyguard, crucifies citizens in forum. | 534 GHH, MCAW 92-3 no date: Dur 3-15 |
| c.534 | Temple to Juno built on Capitoline Hill by Tarquinius Superbus. | 534 MCAW 93 |
| c.534 | LATIUM attacked and conquered by Romans. Rome becomes head of Latin League. | 534 GHH |
| c.534 | Romans send colonies to Signia, Circeii, and Cora. | 534 GHH |
| c.534 | Wealthy Volscian towns of SUESSA and POMETIA taken by Tarquinius Superbus. Pometia under Rome until 503/2. | 534 GHH no date: wikLTS |
| c.534 | Tarquinius Superbus uses the wealth of Suessa and Pometia to complete the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus, begun 579. This involves leveling the top of the Tarpeian Rock that overlooks the Forum and removing some ancient Sabine shrines. | 534 GHH no date: wikLTS |
| c.531 | City of DICAEARCHIA ("Just government", later called Puteoli) founded near Neapolis by politically exiled Samians from Cumae. | 531 CAH 3.3-161 530 CDCC 735 521 OCD 901 |
| c.531 | PYTHAGORAS, mystic, mathematician, devotee of Apollo, leaves Samos Island, goes to Croton, Italy, teaches there until 510. | 550 GHH 532 B76 VIII-326 531 BNTH 51, GRG 324, 326, OCD 903, bk 530 CAH 7.2 post-530 B76 8-346 529 Dur 2-66,142 525 B76 15-322 522 RAH 167 |
| c.530 | PYTHAGORAS, in Italy from 531, founds religious/ethical/political society at Croton which lasts until 455. Allows women in. Strict discipline, silence, introspection. Pythagoras heads it until 500. | 530 OCD 300, TAWH 17 no date: B76 VIII-326, OCD 904 |
| c.530 | Greek ALCMAEON son of Peirithous leaves home on Samos Island for Croton, where he becomes a famous physician until death 490. | 530 sepAlc |
| c.530 | CAMPANIA occupied by Etruscans. | 530 OCD 856 |
| c.530 | SYBARIS south Italy, under Achaean oligarchy from 721 , comes under democracy until 520. | 530 rcSI |
| c.530 | Greek trade ports of south Italy: Croton, Sybaris, Metapontum, unite to wipe out their flourishing competitor SIRIS. | 600-550 CAH 3.3 530 CAH IV-114, bk |
| c.525 | LONG MARCH of Etruscans and others against Cumae. | 525/4 GRG 326 |
| c.525 | 2nd TEMPLE of VESTA in the Roman Forum reconstructed on a larger scale on a new podium. | 525 CAH 7.2-76 |
| c.525 | Figured Attic pottery imports to Rome surge until 510, followed by an equally sharp decline. | 525 CAH 7.2-131 |
| c.524 | CUMAE besieged by barbarians, led by Tyrrhenians (Etruscans). | 525 DGRG 1-860 524 DGRG 1-630 |
| c.524 | ARISTODEMUS tyrant of Cumae defeats Etrustan attackers. | 525/4 GRG 321
524 CAH 7.2, Dur 3-17, HAG 92, OCD 111, OHG |
| c.524 | Sybarites build Doric temples at Posidonia, south Italy. | 524 MCAW 97 |
| c.523 | SPINA on Po River delta south of Atria, founded by Greeks and Etruscans. | 525-20 GRG 327 |
| c.522 | TARQUINIUS SUPERBUS Etruscan king of Rome 534-09 declines an offer by CUMEAN SIBYL to buy 9 SIBYLLINE BOOKS V for 300 gold pieces. This is probably Cumae Italy, and not Cuma Euboea or Cyme Aeoloia. | no date: MCAW 101 |
| c.520 | TARQUINIUS SUPERBUS Etruscan king of Rome 534-09, makes Rome head of the LATIN LEAGUE by guile, military victory, and diplomatic marriage. | 520 MCAW 101 |
| c.520 | Octavius Mamilius, a leading man of Latin Tusculum, marries a dau of Tarquinius Superbus, bringing Latins into close alliance with Rome. | no date: wikLTS |
| c.520 | LATINS form military union, the LATIN LEAGUE, with Rome under Tarquinius Superbus. | 520 MCAW 101 no date: wikLTS |
| c.520 | TARQUINIUS SUPERBUS Etruscan king of Rome 534-09, makes peace with the Aequi, renews treaty with Etruscans. | no date: wikLTS |
| c.520 | TARQUINIUS SUPERBUS Etruscan king of Rome 534-09, begins building the capitol building. | 520 MCAW 101 |
| c.520 | TARQUINIUS SUPERBUS Etruscan king of Rome 534-09, ends up buying 3 SIBYLLINE BOOKS V from Cumae for 300 pieces of gold - the same price that would have gotten him 9 books in 522. He has them preserved in a vault under the Capitoline temple of Jupiter. Consulted 399. 2 men (duumviri) are appointed to take care of them until 367. | 520 GHH, MCAW 101 |
| c.520 | Roman army has 70,000 men. | 520 GHH |
| c.520 | SYBARIS south Italy, under democracy from 530, comes under tyrant Tyles until 510, under tyrany until ?. | 520 rcSI |
| c.520 | DOGGIE BAG invented by Romans during reign of Tarquinius Superbus. Banquet guests are expected to wrap leftovers in a napkin to take home. To do otherwise insults the cooking. | pre-500 EOET 81 |
| c.520 c.520 |
PYTHAGORAS flourishes. METAPHYSICS V: The Λ UNIVERSAL SUBSTRATUM V (See Thales 600, Heraclitos 500) is NUMBER. "All is number." All existence is composed of form, not matter, and can be reduced to numerical relationships. (See Xenophanes 480) Asserts REINCARNATION V. SOUL V is a fallen diety entombed in a body, a self moving algorythm going thru metempsychosis toward purification. Introduces concept of "FORM," (See Plato 386) meaning "limit", also understood in numerical terms. (See Upanishad 500) MATH V: Discovers the relationship between arithmetic and geometry. (See Baudhayana 800 China 800, zero 520) Λ MUSIC V: Discovers the numerical ratio of intervals on the musical scale. |
550 GHH no date: B76 VIII-326, OCD 904 |
| c.520 | COSMOLOGY: SPHERICAL EARTH proposed by PYTHAGOREANS. (See Thales 600, geocentric theory 550, Anaximander 550, Anaxagoras 450) | post-525 OCD 463 |
| c.520 | XENOPHANES of Colophon, Greek poet, wandering Mediterranean from 530, settles in Elea, Italy, flourishes 480 until death 475. | 546 GHH 510 Dur 2-167 no date: B76 X-780, RAH 167 |
| c. 515 | PARMENIDES, pupil of Xenophanes, 1st MONIST philosopher, flourishes in Elea. Opens a school. Main tagline: All is one. 1st to consider the meaning of being. Change, motion, past & future don't exist. Nothing can be created or destroyed. What can be known exists, and is all that exists. Reality is changeless, singular, eternal, finite, indestructible, a homogeneous sphere. Rational proof is the method for evaluating assertions. Eros created the 1st of all gods. | 520-11 TTS 504 GHH no date: B76 VII 766, OCD 377, 782, wikPrm |
| c.511 | ETRURIA consists of 12 confederated cities. | 511 GHH |
| c.510 | CROTON, on east coast of Calabrian Peninsula, under oligarchy from 675: Strife breaks out against ruling Pythagoreans. PYTHAGORAS, head of school at Croton from 530, displaced by coup of rival party, flees to Metapontum, where he dies. CROTON under democracy until 389. | 510 CDCC 577, bk, rcSI 500 B76 15-325 510-01 TTS dies 499 GHH 497 TToH 472 GHH |
| c.510 | ARDEA near coast of Latium besieged. | 510 GHH |
| c.510 | Sons of Tarquinius Superbus have dispute with their cousins. | 510 GHH |
| c.510 | DOREIUS, half bro of Cleomenes of Sparta, bound for Sicily, chances upon the Croton strife with Sybaris. Joins Croton as a mercenary leader. | 510 DGRBM 1-1066 |
| c.510 | SYBARIS, under tyrant Tyles from 520, defeated by Croton at Crathis river, taken and destroyed by Milon of Croton and Spartan mercenary Dorieus. CROTON becomes dominant in south Italy until ?. Sybaris under Croton until 452. |
511 DGRBM 2-1087, GHH 511/10 CAH 7.2 510 B76 8-346, 353, CAH 4-89 115, DGRG 1-700, Dur 2-66, GRG 226, 230, LEWH 67, MCAW 102, OCD 300, 363, 687, bk, lvG, rcSI |
| c.510 | Spartan DORIEUS is rewarded by Croton and continues to Sicily. | 510 DGRBM 1-1066 |
| c.510 | BONONIA (Bologna), Italy occupied by Villanovans from 1050, an economic power from 750, occupied by Etruscans until 350, renamed FELSINA. | 510 B76 IV-89 500 OCD 172 |
| c.509 | LUCRETIA, dau of Sp. Lucretius Tricipitinus, and wife of L. Tarquinius Collatinus, raped by SEXTUS TARQUINIUS, son of Tarquinius Superbus, king of Rome. Lucretia tells her father and husband, makes them swear vengeance, then stabs herself in the heart. | 509 CAH 7.2-172, DGRBM 3-601, GHH, TTPC, wikLTC no date: B76 VI-375, LEWH 82 |
| c. 509 c. 509 |
L. TARQUINIUS SUPERBUS deposed. 3rd Etruscan king of Rome from 534, overthrown by patrician revolt, led by L.(1) Junius Brutus. Etruscan dynasty ends. Began 616. Etruscans ousted from Rome. Period of kings from 753 ends. REPUBLIC begins until 27 . Absolute power given to 2 consuls (originally called praetors) elected for 1 year terms. SENATE: carried over from days of the monarchy. Assembly of most influential patres familiarum, who originally elected and advised the king. In the time of the republic they are originally composed of patrician heads, but come to include all former city magistrates. Originally appointed by kings, now by consuls, later by censors. Lifetime membership. Status depends on posts previously held and seniority. Senate has much more power than the people's Assembly. |
510 CDCC 486, DGRBM 3-979, HRRP 1-40, LEWH 82, MCAW 102, OCD 926, 1038, TAWH 17, vrb 509 B76 II-326, VII-439, 15-1085, CAH 7.2, CDCC 331, GHH, HRRP 1-152, MCAW 103, MRDK, RAH, RW, SHWC 103, SORH, TTPC, bk, rcRm 508 Dur 3-15 no date: B76 15-1088 |
| Varro says this happened in 509, but there are strong indications that it happened some 4 years later. | lvR |
| c.509 | L. TARQUINIUS SUPERBUS flees north to Etruria. Seeks help from Lars Porsena, chief magistrate of Clusium. | 510 CDCC 501 509 Dur 3-16 504 MCAW 102 |
| c.509 | Feast of REGIFUGIUM "king flees" instituted as an annual feast according to Varro and Ovid. Plutarch, explains it as the symbolic departure of the priest with the title rex sacrorum. | 510 wikRg 509 GHH |
| c.509 | 1st CONSULS: L.(1) JUNIUS BRUTUS and L. TARQUINIUS COLLATINUS elected by popular assembly grouped by centuries. Suffects: P. Valerius Poplicola, M. Horatius Pulvillus, Spurius Lucretius Tricipitinus |
509 B76 15-1087, CAH 7.2-628, CDCC 470, DGRBM 1-813, 2-828, 3-601, 1174, GHH, LEWH 83, OCD 183, 1039, bk, csm, wikCon |
| c.509 | LUSTRUM, a sacrifice begun 566 for expiation and purification offered by the king in the name of the Roman people at the close of the census, is taken over by consuls until 443. | no date: wikLs |
| c.509 | Romans defeat forces of Tarquinii and Veii led by deposed king Lucius Tarquinius Superbus at Silva Arsia. Consul L.(1) Junius BRUTUS, is killed in battle with Etruscans, and replaced by aged suffect Sp. Lucretius Tricipitinus. | 509 GHH, DGRBM 3-604, 1174, wikLRB |
| c.509 | Consul Sp. Lucretius Tricipitinus dies a few days after appointment, and is replaced by M. Horatius Pulvillus. | 509 DGRBM 3-604-5, 1174 |
| c.509 | Papirius is pontifex maximus. | 509 wikPM |
| c.509 | CAPITOLINE TEMPLE to Jupiter, Juno, & Minerva, begun 579, dedicated Sept. 15 by Etruscans. Roman patriotism obscures the fact, saying the Etruscans were ousted, and that the Roman praetor maximus, M. Horatius dedicated it. | 510 PW 16 509 B76 15-1087, CAH 7.2-287, CDCC 71, MCAW 103, SORH, wikTJOM 509 or 07 B76 15-1064, CAH 7.2, GHH |
| c.509 | LUDI "games" ROMANI, a religious festival in honor of Jupiter held at Rome somewhat annually in Sept. from 590, increased to 2 days until 494. | 509 wikLR |
| c.509 | LUDI SAECULARES V, a secular festival involving sacrifices and theater, for 3 days and nights to mark the end of a saeculum and the beginning of the next may have been this early. | 509 wikSG |
| c.509 | Lex Valeria de Provocatione By (consul?) P. Valerius in order to dispel the notion that he wished to re-establish the monarchy.
1. establishes "provocatio", allows citizens condemned by a magistrate to death or scourging, the right of appeal to a committee of senators, patricians, and plebs. See 449, 300, 195.
2. execution & forfeiture of property for any person trying to be king. |
509 CAH 7.2-191, 219, EDRL 560, invf, unrv, wikValPor 508 CDGRA 383, DGRA 700 no date: LEWH 83 |
| c.509 | Main duties of the comitia curiata, which now includes plebs as well as patricians, pass to the comitia centuriata, both assemblies of the whole people. Comitia curiata has all votes equal. Comitia centuriata has votes according to wealth. It now elects consuls and receives appeals. Thus plebs cannot be magistrates. | 509 SORH |
| c.509 | ROME is now 822 km2. | 509 CAH 7.2-312, Dur 3-35 |
| c. 509 c. 509 c. 509 |
REPUBLICAN ARMY follows Etruscan or Greek models of organization and equipment: CAVALRY: 1st 18 Centuries 1st CLASS: Heavy infantry carrying 2 spears, sword, dagger, helmet, cuirass, greaves, shield
2nd CLASS: same, but no cuirass3rd & 4th CLASSES: no armor 5th CLASS: slings and stones No pay until 405. Loot distributed according to rank. |
509 wikRL 500 wikRA no date: Dur 3-33, 34 |
| LEGION: 4,000 infantry, 600 cavalry, divided into centuries of 100 men from 570, revised to 3,000 heavy infantry, 1,200 light infantry (javelin-throwers), 600 cavalry, and auxiliaries. Divided into centuries (originally 100 men) commanded by centurions. Republican legions, except for Legio I - IV, which are consular (2 per consul), are levied by campaign, and dismissed afterward. Italian allies must provide a legion to support each Roman Legion. PHALANX: (6 lines of 500 men) forms the base of the legion until 366. |
||
| MILITARY DISCIPLINE: Cowardice punished by anything from death to flogging. A general may behead any soldier or officer for any disobedience, even if that disobedience caused a favorable result. Disertion and theft punished by amputation of right hand. |
| c.508 | Carthage / Rome 1st treaty V: Rome to stay out of Sardinia, west Mediterranean, and Africa, except in maritime emergencies. Carthage to stay out of Latium. | 510 MWΦ 233 509 CAH 7.2, DGRG 1-539, mxfld 508 B76 13-149 Dur 3-43, GHH, LEWH 83, MWΦ 208, OCD 208, bk 506 OCD 703 496 MCAW 105 |
| c.508 | Sale of SALT is made a state monopoly. | 508 CDGRA 553 |
| c.508 | Λ CENSUS V registers 130,909 adult males. | 508 CAH 7.2-137, CDCC 179, csun 507 GHH |
| c.508 | LATIN LEAGUE formed until 338 by city states formerly subservient to Etruscan monarchy in opposition to Roman Republic until 493. | 508 Dur 3-35, OCD 583 |
| c.508 | ETRUSCANS ally with Carthage. | 508 SORH |
| c.508 | ETRUSCAN ARMY under Lars Porsena & Tarquinius Superbus advances on Rome. | 508 DGRBM 3-1174, Dur 3-17, GHH |
| c.508 | Tarquin partisans in Rome, including 2 sons of L.(1) Junius Brutus, revolt unsuccessfully. Sons of L.(1) Junius Brutus are captured, flogged, and beheaded while L.(1) looks on with approval. | 508 Dur 3-17 |
| c.508 Sep | CONSULS: P. Valerius Poplicola (2nd) and T. Lucretius Tricipitinus | 508 CAH 7.2-628, DGRBM 3-602, 1174, csm, wikCon |
| c.508 | Lex Valeria de Aerari passed by consul P. Valerius Poplicola. Establishes the AERARIUM, Roman treasury in the temple of Saturn until 27. Introduces office of 2 quaestores classici appointed by consuls and responsible for the public treasury (not to be confused with the regal office of quaestores parricidii or public accusers). See 149. | 509 B76 I-111, SORH 508 invf, unrv |
| c.508 | Lex Valeria de Provocatione passed by consul P. Valerius Poplicola. Secures right of appeal to all Roman citizens. Judicial power is transferred from consuls to quaestors until 149. | 508 CDGRA 709, DGRA 648, GHH |
| c.508 | ROMANS burn bridges at Tiber River. HORATIUS COCLES holds off the whole Etruscan army. | 508 Dur 3-17 |
| c.508 | LARS PORSENA, chief magistrate of Clusium, Etruria, takes Rome, reassigns some Roman cities to territory of Veii and other Latin towns, does not reinstate Tarquinius Superbus. | 508 Dur 3-17, GHH, LEWH 83, bk 508/7 CAH 7.2 |
| c. 508 | LEGEND: C. Mucius volunteers to murder Lars Porsena. Kills his attendant by mistake. Brought to Etruscan tribunal, Mucius says he is one of 300 young Romans sworn to murder Porsena. To prove his devotion, Mucius puts his right hand in a fire until it is destroyed. Porsena gets scared, and orders Mucius freed, then makes peace with Rome. Mucius is granted land by the Tiber, and surnamed Scaevola (left handed). | 508 B76 VIII-940 |
| c.508 | Consul T. Lucretius Tricipitinus wounded in the battle. | 508 DGRBM 3-1174 |
| c.508 | 35 TRIBES of Rome from 560 reduced to 20. | 508 GHH |
| c.507 Sep | CONSULS: P. Valerius Poplicola (3rd) and M. Horatius Pulvillus (2nd) | 507 CAH 7.2-628, DGRBM 3-602, csm, wikCon |
| c.506 | ETRUSCANS in north Italy from ?, driven south by Gauls. | 506 GHH |
| c.506 | War with Aricia. Aruns, son of Lars Porsena, is defeated. Porsena quits Rome to fight against Latins. | 506 GHH |
| c.506 | MILO, general of Croton with 100,000 men, defeats 300,000 Sybarians. SYBARIS is destroyed. | 506 GHH |
| c.506 Sep | CONSULS: Sp. Larcius Rufus (Flavus?) (1st?) and T. Herminius Aquilinus | 506 CAH 7.2-628, DGRBM 1-253, 2-175, csm, wikCon |
| c.505 | SABINES attacked and defeated by Romans. | 505 wikAC |
| c.505 | ARISTODEMUS, tyrant of Cumae, aided by city of Aricia, defeats Etruscans under Lars Porsenna of Clusium, at Aricia. Latium, under Etruscans from ?, becomes independent until ?. | 506 DGRG 1-862 505 DGRG 1-716, OCD 107, 111 504 CAH 7.2-2 |
| c.505 Sep | CONSULS: M. Valerius Volusus(?) and P. Postumius Tubertus | 505 CAH 7.2-628, DGRBM 3-514, 1180, csm, wikCon |
| c.504 | Gauls begin waves of migrations into Italy. | 504 GHH 500 hifiCT |
| c.504 | CLAUDIANS, a powerful Sabine clan under ATTIUS CLAUSUS (later called Appius Claudius Sabinus Regillensis), defects to Rome, granted citizenship on favorable terms. | 505 Dur 3-35 504 GHH, wikAC |
| c.504 Sep | CONSULS: P. Valerius Poplicola (4th) and T. Lucretius Tricipitinus (2nd) | 504 CAH 7.2-628, DGRBM 3-602, 1174, csm, wikCon |
| c.504 | Consuls Poplicola and Tricipitinus defeat the Sabines. | 504 DGRBM 3-602, 1174 |
| c.504 | Sabine soldier ATTIUS CLAUSUS, with 5,000 family members and clients, moves from Regillum to Rome. Attius is admitted to patrician rank. CLAUDIAN tribe begins. | 504 B76 II-977, CAH 7.2-24, 180, DGRBM 1-762, 3-1187, SORH |
| c.504 | Land across Anio river is distributed to the Claudii. | 504 CAH 7.2-139, DGRBM 1-765 |
| c.504 | FIDENAE, Etruscan town 8km north of Rome, taken by Rome and garrisoned. | 504 CAH 7.2, wikFdn 496 DGRG 1-899 |
| c.503 | Roman Λ CENSUS V registers 120,000 adult males. | 503 CAH 7.2-137, CDCC 179, csun |
| c.503 | P. Valerius Poplicola dies. | 503 DGRBM 3-602, GHH |
| c.503 | CUMAE Italy under aristocratic oligarchy from 750, comes under oligarchic republic until 425. | 503 rcSI |
| c.503 Sep | CONSULS: Agrippa Menenius Lanatus and P. Postumius Tubertus (2nd) | 503 CAH 7.2-628, DGRBM 2-716, 3-510, 1180, OCD 671, csm, wikCon |
| c.503 | Consuls Postumius and Menenius defeat Sabines at Eretum. | 503 DGRBM 2-715, DGRG 1-848 |
| 503/2 | Latin cities Pometia and Cora, under Rome from , defect from to the Aurunci until 495. Romans begin war against the Aurunci. | 503 CAH 7.2, DGRG 1-343, 667 502 GHH |
| c.502 | ARISTODEMOS, with a bodyguard, Siezes Cumae, becomes tyrant until ?. Disarms the citizens, removes male descendants of exiled nobles to the suburbs, and enslaves them. | 502 DGRBM 1-304 |
| c.502 | Latins defeat Romans at Pometia. One of the consuls is badly wounded by a spear. | 502 wikLRB |
| c.502 Sep | CONSULS: Opiter Verginius Tricostus and Sp. Cassius Vecellinus | 502 B76 II-617, CAH 7.2-628, DGRBM 1-621, 3-1174, 1271, OCD 211, csm, wikCon |
| c.502 | SABINES defeated by consul Sp. Cassius Vecellinus. | 502 B76 II-617 |
| c.502 | POMETIA Volsci taken by consuls. | 502 DGRBM 3-1174 |
| c.502 | CAMERIA Latium destroyed by consul Verginius. Disappears from history. | 502 DGRG 1-489 501 CDCC 849 |
| c.501 | Lex De Dictatore Creando Establishes DICTATORSHIP in emergencies. No appeal from dictator's authority. Originally limited to 6 months. Requires a senatus consultum. | 501 GHH, invf, unrv 498 DGRBM 2-175 |
| c.501 | Romes 1st dictator, T. Lartius Flavus appointed by senate for 6 months. Sp. Cassius Viscellinus appointed first magister equitum. | 501 disputed DGRBM 3-1271, GHH, SORH, bk 501 or 498 CAH 7.2, wikLRD 498 DGRBM 2-175 |
Italy 500-391
V