ADORNMENT
clothing
Egypt: shoe 2000, gloves 1500, Italy: fashion 550,
Med: Cretan tunic 1400
Mes: shoe 1600, boot 1100
cosmetics
Balkans: perfume 400
Egypt: perfume, rouge 1325
Levant: eye 870
Mes: perfume 2000 perfume 1200
ornament
Amer: jewelry 650
Egypt: porcellain 1400
Europe: Danes 1100
India: button 2000
Med: jewelry 2000
AGRICULTURE
ANATOMY
Balkans: Diogenes 440, Diocles 350
Egypt: Berlin 1800, Ebers 1550, Herophilos 320, Praxagoras 320
Italy: Alcmaeon 490
Med: Hippo 450, Empedocles 444, Hippocrates 400
teeth
Egypt: dentistry 2000, toothpaste 2000 Italy: false teeth 975,
ANIMALS
Amer: Tchefuncte 1000, Chavin 900, Early Horizon 900
Asia: mammoth 2000, Koban 1100, steppes 1000, stag 400,
Balkans: owl 520
East: zoo 1975, Tagar 700,
India: slaughter 700
Levant: lions 721
domestic
Amer: Peru Guinea pig 2000, 1950
Asia: reindeer 1000
East: buffalo 1500, poultry 1650, 1400
Egypt: chicken 700
India: elephant 600
Mes: ox 2000, 1000
Syria: 1000
camels
cats
cattle / goats / sheep
dogs
horses
Africa: 1500
Anat: 1950, Troy 1900, equids 1900
Asia: 1950, 1750, bridle 1150, riding 1000
Balkans: 725,
cavalry 700, 490, 452, 445, 431, Spartan 424
East: 1500, harness 450, cavalry 350, stirrup 322
Egypt: vehicles 1750, burial 1750, transported 1500, riding 1345
Europe: domestication 2000, 1800, harness 800, shoe 750
India: 600
Levant: David 99?
Mes: breeding 1800, chariot 1740, 1500
Persia: vehicles 2000
ARCHITECTURE
Amer: Chavin 1190
Anat: Ionic 600
Asia: Andronovo 2000
Balkans: roof 700, Egyptian 650, marble 580, agora 450, 7Wonders 449, Phidias 440, Propylaea 437, 432, Corinthian 420, heat 350, Philo 330, Philonides 318
Brit: Maiden Castle 600, 450, Danebury 550, hillforts 350,
East: Erlitou 1620
Europe: hillforts 1000
Italy: Etruscan 800, capitol 616, 520
Persia: treasury 480
arches
Italy: Etruscan 590
Levant: Canaanite 1900,
bridges
huts / houses
monuments
Brit: Uffington 2000, Stonehenge 1930, 1600, building 1550
Anat: Mausoleum 350
Egypt: obelisk 1932, 1490, 1488, 1475, 1413, Hatshepsut 1480, Amenhotep3 1380
Syria: gates 845, obelisk 825
tombs
Amer: mound 1000
Anat: Kaunos 350
Balkans: , Atreos 1250, Clytemnestra 1250, burial 1100
Egypt: Mentuhotep2 2026, Antefoker 2000, Amenhemhet 1962, Senusret 1928, Amenhotep2 1895, Senusret3 1858/7, Amenhemhet3 1797, Neferhotep 1750, Amenhotep 1528, Senenmut 1460, Thutmose3 1436, Amenhotep2 1425, Thutmose4 1390, Amenhotep3 1352, Tut 1325, stripped 1324, Ay 1321, Neferhotep 1320, Saqqara 1300, Horemheb 1293, Ramses1 1291, Seti1 1279, Ram2 1213, Merneptah 1207, Merneptah 1203, Siptah 1188, Twosret 1186, Setnacht 1186, Setnacht 1184, Ram3 1153, Ram4 1146, Ram5 1140,
Ram6 1134, Ram7 1128, Ram8 1126, robbed 1110, Ram9 1108, Ram10 1098, Ram11 1070,
Europe: Leubingen 1942, 1800, woman 585, Vix 500,
Levant: Ahiram 980
Persia: 486
palaces
pyramids
temples
Amer: new 500
Anat: Artemis 630, 600, burnt 356, Artemis 323, Apollo 332,
Balkans: Hera 1000, 423, Artemis 725, 580, Corinth 720, Apollo 650, 550, 548, 530, 512, 510, 400, 373, Athena 580, 424, 396, Dionysus 540, Demeter 484, tholos 470, 360, Zeus 469, 457, Nemea 330, Theseus 469, 450, Hephaestos 449, 415, Parthenon 447, 438, Poseidon 445, Erechtheum 407
Egypt: Osiris 1520,
peristyle 1391, hypostyle 1320, 1278, Abydos 1278, Abu-Simbel 1265, Rameseum 1250, Medinet Habu 1172, Isis 370
Italy: Athena 500, Hera 455, Dioscuri 484, Concordia 304, Salus 302
Levant: 1st 966, 2nd 538
Med: Athena 479, Zeus 475, Concord 435,
theaters / circuses / stadiums
walls
Balkans: long 461, 457, 445, 404, 393
East: Chu 656, 500, 476, 350, 333
Italy: Rome 580, Servian 378,
Levant: Jerusalem 437
ART
1 dimensional (music)
Anat: enharmonic 730, Timotheos 325
Asia: bell 1000
Balkans: dithyramb 700, 509, Apollo 676, Skias 600, Pythian 590, Orpheos 550, Odeum 444, flute 430, Philoxenos 398, Aristoxenos 318
East: bell 2000, 1175, 433, drum 500
Egypt: flute 1350
Europe: lyre 1100, wind 800
Italy: Rome 715, Hippasus 445, Philolaus 400
Levant: Ugarit 1800, musicians 1000
Med: lyre 1400, Terpander 670, Thaletas 670
Mes: 2000
1 dimensional (poetry)
Anat: Callinos 690, Mimnermos 630, Alcaeos 620, Hipponax 544, Anacreon 485, Antimachos 410, Timotheos 325
Balkans: Cinaethon 764, Eumelos 743, Polymnastos 674, lyric 650, Tyrtaeos 650, Alcman 620, Chersias 606, Theognis 540, Anacreon 525, Telesilla 510, Laios 503,
Pindar 498, 478, 476, 476,
474/3, 470, 468/7, 463, 446,
Bacchylides 480, 476, 476, 470, 468/7,
Simonides 476, Ion 455
East: ode 600
Italy: Ibycus 540, Xenophanes 520
Med: poets 753, Archilochos 670, Semonides 650, Pisander 640, Aristoxenos 626, Sappho 600, 586, Alcaeos 580, Stesichorus 560, Xenophanes 530, Simonides 517, Timocreon 480
2 dimensional (graphic)
Anat: painting 716
Balkans: radial 1600,
geometric 770, 750, 725,
black figure 700, Proto-Attic 680, phalanx 650, Corinthian 560, Tyrrhenian 560, Laconian 555, Antimanes 520, Leagros 510, Athena 475,
red figure homo 510, Pioneer 510, kylix 500, 480, Duris 480,
Polygnotos 463, 426,
yellow 460, Micon 440, perspective 440, Zeuxis 410, Euphranor 350, Apelles 335, paint 330, maenad 325, mosaic 310
East: paint 950
Egypt: tattoo 2000, caravan 1955, Canaanites 1900, painting 1500, Rekhmire 1450, tomb 1300, Medinet Habu 1172
Italy: Etruscan 800
relief
3 dimensional (sculpture)
Amer: Chorrera 1300, Olmec 1050, mask 800, jade 650
Anat: mold 700, statues 640, Bathycles 550, Praxiteles 350
Balkans: mask 1550, 650, statue lifesize 650, 509, 307, Cretans 580, school 568, Endoeos 564, kouros 560, herm 550, altar 522, Ageladas 520, Antenor 510, Zeus 480, 435, tyranicides 480, 477, charioteer 478, Kritios 477, Phidias 456, 440, Myron 450, Calamis 450, Cresilas 440, Micon 440, Polykleitos 440, 420, Athena 438,
Parthenon 432, Alcamenes 425, Callimachos 425, Paeonios, Periclytos 420, mutilated 415, Antiphanes 400, change 380, Timotheos 380, Kephisodotos 375, Lysippos 372, 364, 342, 330, 320, Scopas 370, 340, Praxiteles 350, 320, Bryaxis 350, Euphranor 350, return 330, Leochares 330, Silanion 326, Eutychides 325, tombs 317
Egypt: wood 2000, Amenhotep3 1380, Nefertiti 1350, Abu-Simbel 1265
India: priest/king 1950
Italy: Etruscan 800, 616, Apollo 500, Jupiter 490, Ceres 485, Mars 400
Med: Knossos 1700, kouros 650, 550, Aristocles 585, Archermos 550, Rhoecos 550, school 525, Theodoros 525
4 dimensional (drama)
Balkans: 700, admission 420,
tragedy 600, Dionysia 534, 501, satyr 500, 400, 340,
comedy 578, 562, 488, 465, censor 415, old/mid 400, mid/new 323, theaters 500, 2nd actor 471,
mask 450, Lenaea 440, 432, slander 440, perspective 440, develop 350
Italy: farce 391, phylax 350
Med: comedy 560
playwrights
Anat: Theodectes 353, Timotheos 325, Menander 323
Balkans: Philyllios 394, Alexis 356,
Choerilos 524,
Phrynichos 511, Stobaeos 500, 476, 493, 429,
Phrynichos-2 420, 414, 405,
Aeschylus 499, 484, 476,
472, 467, 463, 460, 458, 458/7,
Phormis 478,
Sophocles 468, 450, 442, 426, 417, 415, 409, 406, 401,
Euripides 455, 441, 438, 431, 430, 428, 426, 424, 422, 421, 415, 412, 410, 408, 406, 405,
Cratinos 448, 436, 425, 424, 423, 422,
Crates 450, Callias 446,
Pherecrates 438, 420,
Lysippos 434, Euphorion 431, Eupolis 429, Philocles 429,
Aristophanes 427, 426, 425, 424, 423, 422, 422, 414, 411, 408, 405, 392, 388, 387, dies 385,
Aristomenes 424, Ameipsias 423, Melanthios 419, Agathon 416, Araeipsias 414, Hegemon, Archippos 413,
Antiphanes 400, 387, 365, Astydamas 398, 372, Alcaeos 388, Anaxandrides 376,
Aphareos 368,
Dionysius 367, Philemon 330 327
Menander 321, 316
Med: Epicharmus 500, 450
ASTRONOMY
Anat: Thales 600, Anaximander 550
Balkans: Hesiod 700, Cleostratos 520, Oenopides 450, Anaxagoras 450, Meton 432, tholos 360, Eudoxos 360, Heraclides 338, Calippos 336, 330, Aristotle 328, 328, Autolicos 320
China: Mansions 1200, 1100, catalog 350
Egypt: instrument 1850, Senenmut 1460, Seti1 1279, 43 constellations 1250, almanac 1220, binary star 1200, star table 1134, 1108, catalog 1100
Europe: Nebra 1600
Mes: Zodiak 1575, instrument 1225, star catalog 1200, Mul Apin 1000, Naburimannu 450, Kidinnu 400, Diary 331
astronomical events
Asia: 1912
Balkans: meteorite 468/7,
East: meteorites 687, nova 532, 352
Egypt: Sirius 1872, Sothis 1537/17
Italy: shower 345
comets Balkans: Halley 467
East: Halley 613, 467
eclipses
Anat: 1178, 585, 477
Balkans: 1251, 711, 557, 480, 463, partial 431, 424, 424, 406, 404, 400, 394, 364, 361, 310
East: 1302, 1300, 899, 779, 776, 735, 720, 709, 601, 549, 444
Egypt: 585
India: 326
Italy: 404, 400, 310
Levant: 1375
Med: 711, 648, 413, 331, 310
Mes: 763, 746, 721, 700, 675, 669, 621, 568, 557, 523, 502, 491, 331
Syria: 763, 2lunar 671, lunar 621, solar 557, lunar 331
BUSINESS
labor
money
Anat: silver 1250
Balkans: silver 783, 432, 407/6, Athens 378
East: gold 1596, bronze 900
Egypt: silver 310
Italy: Aerarium 508, signatum 430, interest 357, 347, 342, usury 344, 343
Mes: bank 2000, interest 1700
coins
Africa: 410, 390, 350 Anat: 680
Balkans: 670, 550, 530, 375/4
East: 520
Europe: Spain 450, mint 310,
Italy: 578, 470, 450, 338, bank 338, 310
Med: Naxos 600, Siphnos 600, Sicily 525, Cyprus 520, Syracuse 412
Mes: victory 322
wealth abuse China: 1050
Mes: silver 1250
trade
Africa: 500
Amer: Chavin 400
Anat: Sinope 756
Balkans: Mycenae 1500, Hallstatt 750, pottery 700, Odessos 586, Carthage 497
Brit: Wessex 2000, tin 1600
Egypt: Amenhemhet 1996, Punt 1900, 1500, Greek 660
Europe: Phoenician 1950, increase 1800 Unetice 1600, Mycenae 1480, 1300, Emporion 575, 500,
Italy: salt 508
Levant: 2000, Gebal 1950, papyrus 1110, ships 853/2
Med: Sardinia 1600, Mycenean 1600, 1550
Mes: 600
COMMUNICATION
language
Amer: Algonquian 400
Anat: 1900, Babylonian 1700, Hittite 1510, Luwian 500, 300
Balkans: Greek 1600, 750
East: period change 1766, 1122, Chinese 1000, 600, Austroasiatic 1000,
Europe: proto-Celtic 1790, Old European 1500
Egypt: Mid/Late 1600
India: Aryan 2000, Sanskrit 1500, 950,
Italy: Etruscan 700
Levant: Eblaite 2000
Mes: Old Assyrian 2000, Akkadian 2000, Sumerian 1900, 1737, Mari 1800
Syria: Akkadian 745, Nimrud Tablet 733
Amorite Levant: 1400,
Mes: 1400
Aramaic
Levant: 1st 900, 800, 700, 600, return 538, 444, Syria: 745
Mes: 500, 330
Indo-Aryan 1400, 1250
India: 1000,
Indo-European Europe: 1425, 1000, India:
1200
Spain: change 500,
Ugaritic Levant: Ebla 2000, Ras Shamra 1400, Keret, Aqhat 1360, latest 1190,
writing
Africa: carvings 1200
Amer: Cascajal 1000
Anat: Timotheos 325
Arabia: Phoenician 900, Arabic 700
Balkans: Greek 500
East: Wucheng 1600, Dazhuan 1100, 700, Chinese 950, annalist 753, clerky 500
Egypt: obelisk 1488, 1413, Merneptah 1207, Siptah 1190, Medinet 1176, Harris 1150, Wilbour 1149, accounting 1128, Abbott 1100, Hood 990, Sheshonk 925, Demotic 700, 660, 650, Aramaic 515, 420
Europe: 550
India: Ashtadhyayi 1300, Sanskrit 1500, 1200, 1000, 750, 600
Italy: Pyrgi 500
Levant: cuneiform 1700, Ras Shamra 1400, Ugaritic 1190,
Aramaic 1100, Tangivar 707, Taylor 701, Azekah 700, Siloam 690, Ekron 650, law 622, Word 622, Lachish 588
Med: Linear-A 1650, Crete 1450, linear 1400, seal 1375
Mes: Old Assyrian 2000, Sumerian 2000, Babylonian 1737, annals 889, 857, 639, Kurkh 850, manual 650, library 63?, cylinder 550, 539/8
Syria: Nimrud Slab 800, Sargon prism-A 710, prism 690, prism 690
stele Egypt: Semna 1869, Tut-I 1524, Amada 1433, Konosso 1418, Tanis 1277, Qetesh 1240, Merneptah 1207, Piye 730, Esarhaddon 670, Saqqara 653
Levant: Sebek 1850, Ugarit 1400, Israel 1207, Hadad 850, Mesha 850, Dan 800, Zakir 773
Syria: Sabaa 800, Esarhaddon 670
alphabet
Amer: Cascajal 1000, hieroglyph 500
Arabia: 2000, Minaean 1200
Brit: Phoenician 500,
East: ideographic 1500, pictographic 1500
Egypt: 1800
India: Brahmin 550, 25O
Italy: Etruscan 690, 400, Latin 620, Oscan 480
Levant: Ugaritic 1500, Canaanite 1400, Aramaic 800, Hebrew 1400, Zayit 950, Lachish 588
Med: hieroglyphic 1900
cuneiform Anat: 1700, 1510
Arabia: 1500, Mes: 1700
Greek Balkans: 750, 550, 403
Italy: 750
Linear Balkans: B 1200 Med: B 1450, 1400, B 1150
Mycenean Balkans: 1500, Med: Cypro-Mycenean 1400
Phoenician Balkans: 950 India: 850
Levant: 1790, 1250, 1100, 980
literature
Anat: Arimaspeia 650, On Nature 550
Balkans: tragedy 600, history 411, Derveni 340
East: annals 722, 240, ode 600, Tao 550
Egypt: Prisse 2000, Execration 1900, Eloquent Peasant 1850, love poem 1550,
Book of Dead 1550, Amduat 1436, 1300, Gates 1293, Ani 1250, Amarna 1340, cow 1340, Brothers 1225, Ipuwer 1220, Earth 1134, Ahikar 500, 420, Cowley 310, library 306
India: Veda 1500, 1450, Mahabharata 1316, changes 1300, Jyotisha 1255, Yaruveda 1200, 800, Atharva 1200, Samaveda 1100, Buddhist/Jain 1000, Rig Veda 1000, 900, Brahmanas 1000, 650, Srauta 800, Shulba 800, Upanishad 700, Aranyaka 700, sutra 600, Naksh 515, 323/2, manual 302
Italy: Sibylline 522, 520
Levant: Gilgamesh 1400, Keret 1360, Aqhat 1360, Balaam 1200, Deborah 1150, law 867
Bible 2Chr 875, Pentateuch J 850, E 750, D 621, P 538, P 458, Greek 350, Amos 750, Hosea 736, Proverbs 700, Torah 621, Kings 600, Job 600, Habakkuk 598, Lamentations 586, Obadiah 580, 2 Kings 562, 11 books 550, Deuteronomy 515, Leviticus 500, Priestly Code 450, Malachi 450, Torah 400, Chronicles 400, Joel 400, Jonah 400, P text 397, Ruth 350, Daniel 332, Job 320 |
Midrash 400,
Apocrypha Jeremy 317
Med: Apollo 522
Mes: Gilgamesh 2000, 1200, Inanna 1900, 1800, Ninkasi 1800, Mari 1770, flood 1700, Atrahasis 1650, Eridu 1650, Ishtar 1600, Ahikar 500
Syria: annals 639, library 63?
authors
Anat: Hattusili 1240, Homer 650, Ctesias 400, Theopompos 394, Ephoros 350, Heracleides 350, Aristotle 347
Balkans: Homer 886, 750, Hesiod 700, Aesop 580, 320, Homer 566, 540, Pherectdes 450, Herodotus 449, 430, Persians 449, Thucydides 395
Isocrates 380, 373, 366, 339, dies 338,
Xenophon 390, 388, 384, 371, 362, 360, 360, 355, dies 354,
Theopompos 394, 360, 324, Eudemos 335, Euhemeros 310, Hecataeos 310
East: Confucius 480
Egypt: Sinuhe 1950, Amduat 1436, Ani 1250, Amenemope 1100, Timotheus 330, Hecataeos 310, 300
Europe: Pytheas 320,
Italy: Diodorus 302
Levant: Amos 750, Hosea 736, Obadiah 580, Joel 400
Med: Aesop 570
Mes: Ctesias 400
media
COSMOGONY / COSMOLOGY
Anat: Thales 600, geocentric 550, Anaximenes 545
Balkans: Theogony 700, Anaxagoras 450, old Earth 449, Diogenes 440, Earth 400, Eudoxos 360,
Plato 370, 358, order 358,
Aristotle 350, 328, 328,
Calippos 336, 330
East:
heaven 1500, 1100, models 350
India: Purusha 1050
Italy: round 520, Philolaus 400
Med: Pherecydes 550, Hippo 450, Empedocles 444, Earth 400
ECOLOGY / environment
EXPLORING
FOOD
Africa: Watermelon 2000
Amer: maize 2000, 2000, 1500, 1500, 1450, 1000, 850, 800, Tchefuncte 1000, vegetables 1000, cocoa 1000, Chavin 900
Arabia: fig 2000 Asia: Koban 1100, rice+ 500
Balkans: alfalfa 480, pie 450
East: tea 2000, millet 2000, icecream 2000, rice 1975, 1500, 1200, 800, 600, Japan 300,
soy 1475, 1000, chopsticks 1200, preservation 1000
Egypt: dried 1900, press 1500, yeast 1500, apple 1270
Europe: rye 1700, oats 975, olive 850, grape 600, olive/grape 536
India: tea & bananas 2000, rice 2000, 800, Vedic 1500, cows 1200, sugar 326
Italy: grape 580, prefect 440, grain 411, 402
Levant: pork 1800
Med: 1200
Mes: sausage 1500
Persia: alfalfa 2000, rice/fruit 500
cooking Egypt: roasting 1500
Europe: 600
GAMES
Amer: ball games 1600
Balkans: Olympics 1st 776, 8th 748, 11th 736, 14th 724, 15th 720, 18th 708, 23rd 688, 25th 680, 28th 668,
33rd 648, 34th 644, 35th 640, 36th 636, 37th 632, 38th 628, 41st 616, 48th 588, 52nd 572, 59th 544, 65th 520, 70th 500, 71st 494, 476, 77th 472, 93rd 408, victors 400, 96th 396, 97th 392, 99th 384, 104th 364, Callipos 332
gymnopaedia 668, Pythian 591, 590, 582, 470, Isthmian 581, 470, Nemean 460, 573
Italy: Circensian 732, Romani 590, 494, 366, secular 456, 346, Capitoline 387, Scaenici 364, Romani 366
Med: marbles 1435
GEOGRAPHY
maps
GEOLOGY
earthquakes
mining
volcanos
HEALTH
medical
Balkans: Asclepios 1250, 650, 450, 390, 380, 360, Democedes 520, Dogmatici 400, Hippocrates 377, Critobulos 354, Diocles 350, Praxagoras 320
East: magnets 2000, 4 procedures 501
Egypt: contraceptives 2000, gyn 1800, prescriptions 1600, Ebers 1550, Smith 1550, Hearst 1450, London 1325, Beatty 1200, 2 schools 1150, cough drops 1000, Homer 750, Herophilos 320, Praxagoras 320
Europe: Asclepios 1250
Italy: Alcmaeon 490, Philolaus 400
Levant: profession 1975
Med: Hippo 450, Hippocrates 400
Mes: pharmacopia 2000, physician 1975, 1380
plague
IDEAS
myth
philosophy
Anat: Thales 600, Hermotimos 550, Anaximenes 545, Heraclitos 500, Aristotle 346
Balkans: Anaxagoras 464, 450,
Aspasia 450, Leucippos 440,
Socrates 430, 423, 399 Diagoras 415, Democritos 400,
Diogenes Appolonia 440,
Megarian Eucleides 400, 380
Plato 399, 395,
387, 386, 385, 384, 370, 370, forms 370, epistemology 368, 366/5, 361, 358, logos 358, Timaeos 358, Laws 350, dies 348/7
Academy 388 |
Aristotle Gryllos 360, Earth 350, 347, Kingship 347, 342, 340, 335, 330, 330, Soul 330, Poetics 330, Politics 330, 328, free will 328, Rhetoric 328, 323, dies 322
Lyceum Theophrastos 317 |
Antisthenes 360, school 330, Diogenes 336, 323,
Anaxarchos 318, 318, Xenocrates 314, approval 307,
Epicurus 306
Stoic Zeno Citium 313, Stoa 302
East: Mo-Tzu 390, Yang Chu 360, Mencius 332, 312, 300, Hui Shih 305
Italy: Pythagoras 520
Hippasus 445, Philolaus 400
Med: Melissos 440, Empedocles 444
logos Anat: Heraclitos 500
Balkans: Plato 358, Aristotle 340
morality / ethics
sophistry
Balkans: Protagoras 450, 415, Gorgias 427, 380, Antiphon 411, banned 404, school 390, P + A 365, Aristotle Gryllos 360, 358, Aristotle 328,
religion
Anat: Hittite/Indian 1950, hymns 650, 522, Darius-I 513, Heraclitos 500
Balkans: Asclepios 1250 Amphictyony 1100, Theogony 700, Eleusinian 675, Panathenea 566, altar 522, oracle 510, Proto Theog 450, double altar 430, atheist 415, Democritos 400, Antisthenes 360,
Plato god 370, 358, demiurge 358, 350, Derveni 340, Clearchos 320, Euhemeros 310, 280, saviors 307
East: Tao 550,
Lao Tsu 520, Confucius 496
Egypt: execration 1900, Jacob 1684, henotheism 1347, Gates 1293, Exodus late 1280, Alexander 310
India: Aryan 2000, Vedism 1500, hymn 1500, Atharva 1200, Hindu 950, 600, Jain 850, Smartism 700, Ajivika 600, Purana 550, Pakudha 550, Ajita 550, Sanjaya 550, Mahavira 540, 532, Sidhartha 533, Buddha 528, Makkhali 520, Jain 320, 310
Italy: Romulus 716, augur 710, regulate 641, images 616, lustrum 566, Xenophanes 480, Etruscan 365, 364, martyr 348, Scaenici 364
Levant: Abe dies 1844, Moses 1526, Exodus 1446, 1280, Aqhat 1360, BenHadad 856, calf 736, Samaria 715, canon 622, Samaritan 432, 350, Torah 400, Pentateuch 350
Med: Crete 1800, Mycenean 1450, Hippo 450
Mes: Atrahasis 1650, Eridu 1650,
Daniel 565, 552, 521, 304,
2 Isaiah 540, 500, Judaism 538, 500, 482, magi 528, Jeremiah 304
Persia: Gathas 1100, light/dark 500, Esther 478, 400, Avesta 400, 330, Alex 324
omens
Anat: sky 1318
Balkans: earthquake 430, eclipse 424, Agis 418/8,
East: eclipse 735
India: eclipse 326
Italy: flood 406, chicken 325, Bubulcus 309
Med: eclipse 413,
Syria: lunar 331,
gods
Africa: Demeter 395, Melkart 310
Anat: Cybele 1200, 205/4, Artemis 600, 560, Zeus, Apollo 513,
Balkans: Asclepios 1250 450, 360, Apollo 1000, 725, Hera 1000, Zeus 780, 700, Artemis 725, Demeter 600, Bendis 430, deify 405, Isis 350, theogony 340
East: Di 770, 374
Egypt: Ra 1900, Amun-Ra 1550, Osiris 1520, Aten 1347, Cow 1340, Isis 1279, 370, Qetesh 1240, Nut 1200, Bast 945, Serapis 323
Europe: Demeter 1500, Dionysus 1500
India: 4 gods 1500, Brama 1450
Italy: Romulus 716, Jupiter 590, 579, 490, Aphrodite 585, Dionysus 550, Juno 534, 375, Vesta 525, 390, Apollo 500, Demeter, Persephone 493, Ceres 485,
Uni 396
Levant: Baal 1400, Keret 1360, Yahweh 1370, 980, 959, 725, 711,
Mes: Muluk 1800, Anu/Enlil 1650, Enki 1650, Ishtar 1600, Alex 324
prophesy
Balkans: Pythian 1400, Pythian 1000, 480, 426, 336, crucufixion 370, eclipse 361
India: Demophon 325
Italy: Veii 405,
Sibylline Books 399, 348
Levant: Nathan 99?, Gad 97?, fulfill 96?, Ahijah 940, 928, Micaiah 853, Jahaziel 853, Elisha 842, Isaiah 715, 702, Nahum 648, inspired 640, Jeremiah 608, 594, 594, Haggai 520, Zechariah 518, Malachi 465
Med: double cube 440
Mes: Ezekiel 587, 586, 585, 571
sacrifice
Anat: cattle 480, 411, 334
Asia: horse 2000
Brit: Danebury 550
China: La 326
India: Yajna 1200, deer 1180, 1050, Yaruveda 800, Srauta 600, Alex-III 326
Italy: music 715, lustrum 566, Saeculares 456, 305
Levant: blemished 465, Alex-III 332
Med: Crete 1600
Mes: Eridu 1650, Shamshi-Adad-V 811, Alex-III 331
human
Balkans: daughter 730, prisoners 480, eclipse 480, hoplite 480, signs 479, Alcestis 438, Macaria 430, escape 408, Iphigenea 406
East: self 1593, chief 1100, funeral 678, 621, 384
Italy: prisoners 358, vestal 337
Med: Crete 1600, prisoners 409
Persia: voluntary 317
soul
Anat: Thales 600, Heraclitos 500
Balkans: Diogenes 440
Democritos 410, Aristotle 330
Egypt: Harris 1150
India: Hindu 950, Brhadaranyaka 700, karma 700, Purana 550, Upanishads 500, Badaryana 400
Italy: Pythagoras 520, 490, Alcmaeon 490, Philolaus 400, Timaeus 380
Med: Pherecydes 550, Hippo 450, Eudemus 353
Persia: Zoroaster 550
afterlife
reincarnation
INVENTION / DISCOVERY
Amer: fire 1550
Balkans: mirror 328
Brit: circumnavigated 308,
East: kite 1200, 559, compass 900, stove 600, fumigation 595, cast iron 500, harness 450
Egypt: yoyo 1000, incubator 700
Europe: safetypin 1250, Punic 450, Pytheas 325,
Italy: doggie bag 520, safetypin 500
Med: solder 650
MATH
Africa: Theodoros 400
Balkans: Pythagoreans 455, Leodamas 380, Thymaridas 375, Eudoxos 360, Plato 358, Calippos 336
East: decimal 1300, textbooks 950, counting board 800
Egypt: 1700, Rhind 1650
India: zero 876
Italy: Pythagoras 520, Hippasus 445, Pythagoreans 445, Archytas 390
Med: Pythagoras 531
Mes: decimal 2000, multiplication 1775, √2 1700, zero 520, Behistun 518
geometry
Africa: Theodoros spiral 400
Anat: Thales 600
Balkans: Hippocrates 460, Oenopides 450, Bryson 425, Hippias 420, Democritos 400, Theaetetos 380, Leodamas 380, Menaechmos 350, Eudemos 335, Aristaeos 320
East: Pythagorean 1200, 1000
Egypt: Rhind 1650
India: Baudhayana 800
Italy: Pythagorean 500, Hippasus 445, Archytas 390
Med: 450
Mes: Plimpton 1800
MEASURING
distance
time
calendar
Amer: 1200, Mayan 613, 400, 450
Balkans: Cleostratos 520, Meton 432, Callipos 330
East: 444
Egypt: 1500, Cairo 1200, Eudoxos 370
Italy: 10 month 750, 304
Levant: Gezer 950, Jew/Bab 587, solar 516, lunar 450, Bab/Mac 332
Mes: Hammurabi 1790, NabuNasir 747, Babylonian 538, 380, 331, 311
Persia: Zoroastrian 441
clock
weight
MECHANICS
"MIRACLES / magic / sorcery"
resurrections
NATURAL RESOURCES
metal
Amer: Peru 2000
Anat: steeling 1400
Asia: Andronovo 2000, bell 1000
Balkans: kiln 600, beaten 330
Europe: El Argar 1800, casting 1200
Med: solder 650, casting 543
bronze
Anat: 2000, Bronze/Iron 1400
Asia: 2000, 1600, steppes 1200
Brit: 2000, 1600, Early/Mid 1500, Ireland 800, Bronze/Iron 700
East: Yueshi 1900, 1650, 1600, Xiajiadian 1600, casting 1500, axe 1200, bell 1175, containers 1000, Korea 850, 771, Bronze/Iron 650, drum 500, Vietnam 500
Egypt: 2000, 1240, 1150
Europe: Helladic 2000, Scandinavia 1800, 1600, Czechoslovakia 1550, casting 1200, armor 1100, Bronze/Iron 900, file 400
India: bell 1000
Italy: 2000, Terremare 1600, Bronze/Iron 900
Med: Sardinia 1800, stone/bronze 1500
Mes: Early/Mid 1900, armor 1700
copper Africa: smelting 500
Amer: 1000, 400
Arabia: 1750, mines 1600, 1200
Asia: 2000, 1800, 400
Brit: 1950
East: Taosi 1900, Yang Shao 1900, Xiajiadian 1600
Egypt: plumbing 1500, melting 1450, Qetesh 1240
Europe: 2000, Helladic 2000, 1850, 1800, mines 1600, Miterberg 800
India: Hoard 2000, 1200
Levant: tools 2000
Persia: tires 2000
gold
Asia: 400, necklace 325
Balkans: Thracian bowls 1300
iron
Africa: 1200, Age 700, 500
Anat: 1750, smelting 1500, Bronze/Iron 1400, 1350, Hittites 1270, welding 590
Balkans: Illyria 850, magnetite 800, Hallstatt 750, Greece 500
Brit: Bronze/Iron 700, iron/tin 510 Early/Mid 400,
East: magnet 2000, 900, 350, Xiajiadian 1600, smelting 1550, meteor 1200, bronze/iron 650, cast 513, 500, 500, Burma 500, Korea 400, 350, magnet 350
Egypt: smelting 1300, 1150, tools 670, steel 600
Europe: 1200, Bronze/Iron 900, tools 800, Spain 800, Hallstatt 700, working 500, steel 500, Denmark 400
India: Ganges 2000, working 1800, 1500, south 1000, steel 1000
Italy: Villanova 1100, 1000, 1000, Bronze/Iron 900, Etruscan 700
Levant: Joppa 1250, Gerar 1200, 1180, growth 1200, Mid/Late 600
Med: Crete 1200, Cyprus 1050
Mes: 1500
Persia: 1200
silver Africa: 800
Anat: 1250
Balkans: 483, 407/6
Europe: 800
Levant: from Spain 1000, 800
Med: 600
tin Brit: 1600, 510
Europe: 500,
Egypt: 1240, 600
Levant: 1600
plants / trees / wood
PRESERVING
PROCESSING
coloring
milling
smelting
PRODUCTS
ceramics
Africa: Ghana 1500, Mauretania 1150
Amer: Peru 2000, Valdiva 2000, 1800, Mexico 1400, Chorrera 1300, Peru wheel 1300, Woodland 1000, 1000, N. Amer 1000, Chalatzingo 950, Capacha 900, iridescent 800, Paracas 800, Point Peninsula 600, Mayan 600, Norton 500
Anat: Troy 1900, 900
Balkans: wheel 1950, 600, Mycenae Minyan 1650, 1480, geometric 1400, Helladic 1300, crude 1100, improve 1050, proto-geometric 1035, geometric 1000, 900, 900, 850, 760, human 770, phalanx 650
black figure 700, 525, Corinthian 700, 670, 610, 575, 600, archaic 580, 535, Francoise 570, Attic 565, 550, 525, decline 480, ends 330, E group 550 |
red figure 530
East: painted 2000, Ukrainian 1700, Korea 1500, stone to glass 1400
Egypt: wheel 1950, 1500, Incense Burner 1900
Europe: corded 1775, Helladic 1550, Elp 1200, 800, Apennine 1800, wheel 850, Vix 520, vase 400,
India: Harappan 2000, Ganges 2000, 1200, Purusha 1050, grayware 1000, black & red 900
Italy: Etruscan 900, 800, wheel 750, Attic 525
Levant: thin 1725
Med: wheel 1950, Mycenean 1450, Cretan 1450, Cycladic 700, Rhodian 680
Mes: wheel 2000
Pacific: Vanuatu 1300
glass / glaze
Egypt: bottles 1550,
vases 1490, improved 1457, stone to glass 1400, decline 1200, revive 550
Mes: cut 1550, 720, increase 1500, decline 1200, glaze 1000, revive 750, manual 650, enamel 600
grave goods
Amer: Soconusco 1400
Asia: chariot 2000, horse 1750, 1700, Seima Turbino 1700
Balkans: shaftgrave 1600, Aegina 1600, mask 1550
Brit: Grimes 2000, Wessex 2000
East: Taosi 1900, slab 1300, silk 1300, chariot 1200
Egypt: Antefoker 2000, safflower 2000, figurines 2000, Neferhotep 1750,
Senenmut 1460, Rekhmire 1450, chariot 1450, incense 1400, garden plan 1400, Cow book 1340, Tut 1325, Hunefer 1300, Hoermheb 1293, Ani 1250
Europe: Leubingen 1942, 1800, Unetice 1800, El Argar 1800
hoards
Asia: Borodino 1450
Brit: Arreton 1600, Lambourn 1300, Burton 1200, Isleham 1000, Chrishall 1000, Collette 900, Hollingbourne 900, Rossett 900, Boughton 850, Crundale 850, Duddingston 850
Europe: Villlena 1000
intoxicants
lamps
soap
textiles
SCIENCE
Anat: lenses 2000, Anaximenes 545, matter 500, Aristotle 346
Balkans: atom 450, Anaxagoras 450, Leucippos 440, Diogenes 440, Democritos 400,
Plato Rep 370, Phaedros 358, Timaeos 358, Aristotle 330, 328, light 306
Italy: Xenophanes 480, Philolaus 400
Med: Empedocles 444
SEX
SOCIETY
commentary
custom
holidays
government
Africa: constitution 322/1,
Balkans: boule 594,
democracy 561, 508, 487, 462/1, 411, 410, 392, 322, 318, 307, tribes 507, 306, arcon 479, 457, citizenship 508, 446, oligarchy 411, 30 tyrants 404, 403, ten 401, Democritos 400, Assembly 400, 392, Plato 358, Thessaly 352
East: reform 356, Hui Shih 305
Europe: 1950
India: manual 302
Italy: comitia 560, 509, 492, 450,
pleb 550, republic 509, salt 508, Aerarium 508,
tribes 560, 495, 387, 358, 332, custos 487, tribunum 445, censors 443, equites 403, assembly 357, rights 340, libertini 312, 304, register 312
Med: Samos 411
economy
law
Anat: Hittite 1370
Balkans: Lycurgos 630, Draco 621, 409, Solon 594, 454, adultery 594, citizenship 508, 451, 429,
ostracism 508, 487, 452,
constitution 505, 488, 487, areopagos 462, jurors 451, witness 443, slander 440, Athenian 410, jury 409, code 399, tax 399, Isocrates 353, Plato 350
East: liquor 1100, Qin 746, 359, 221,
code 543, tripod 536, 513, bamboo 504
Egypt: women 1272, Turin 1160, Amherst 1110, Mayer 1107, Darius-I 518, marriage 365
Europe: German 750
Italy: Zaleucus 660, divorce 604, 10 Tables 450, 12 Tables 449, Licinian 367, plebiscite 339, canvassers 314, Flavian 304
Levant: Mosaic 1100, 444, book 867, Leviticus 500
Med: Charondas 610, Gortyn 450
Mes: Eshnunna 1930, Lipit-Ishtar 1870, Hammurabi 1790, 1158, Assyrian 1100
Persia: Hammurabi 1158
decrees
military
Balkans: navy 406, peltast 401, Philip 358
East: Jin 629, Sun Tzu 390, commandery 328
Italy: comitia 560, army 570, 520, 509, tribunum 445, stipendium 406/5, phalanx 366, law 342, reorganize 340, discipline 340, army 338,
legion 400, 378,
tactics 315
Mes: peltast 401
tax
Balkans: agrarian 543, eisphora 434/3, 428, 428, tripple 424, eicoste 415, euxine 410, 405, 391, collector 399, property 378, revised 377, harbor 361/0
East: Lu 594, agrarian 538, head 348
marriage
divorce
torture
TOOLS
Amer: copper 1000, stone 800
Asia: Koban 1100
Balkans: filter 500
East: Burma 500, bellows 450
Egypt: loom 1955, pulley 1840, filters 1500, bellows 1450,
windlass 1400, loom 1400,
iron 670
Europe: flint dagger 1800
Mes: loom 2000, lock 2000
Pacific: obsidian 1000
Syria: pulley 700
lever Egypt: 1500
India: 1500
Med: 1500
plow Balkans: 700
Egypt:
1900
Mes: 1975,
Vietnam 1600
press
Balkans: trapetum 450
Egypt:
bag 1500
Med: beam 1500
wheel
Anat: solid 1800
Asia: solid 2000
Balkans: potter 1950, 600, 600, barrow 500
Egypt: solid 2000, potter 1950, 1500
Europe: solid 2000, 1300, iron rims 750
Italy: solid 1000, potter 750
Levant: solid 2000
Med: Crete 2000, potter 1950
spokes Anat: 1900, 1400
Asia: 2000
Balkans: 1500
East: 1300
Egypt: 2000, 1300
Europe: 1200, Scandinavia 1000
Levant: 1400
Med: 1500
Mes: 2000, 1900
Persia: 2000, tires 2000
hand tools
TRANSPORTATION
boats / ships
Amer: canoe 1100
Balkans: 704, bireme 700, trireme 650, quadriremes 330, quinqueremes 325
Egypt: barge 1490, riverboat 1420
Europe: Hjortspring 350
Italy: squaresail 500, fleet 311
Levant: Ezion-Geber 853/2
Med: squaresail 2000, Uluburun 1325, ram 850, Trireme 650, model 550, Lenormant 410, quadrireme 410, 406, quinquireme 398
Mes: 700
Syria: Nineveh 700, bireme 694
roads
Anat: Royal 500
East: 1100
Italy: Gabina 500, Latina 490, 370, Ficulensis 449, Labicana 421, Salaria 361, Appia 312, 309, Tiburtina 306, Valeria 303
Med: paved 2000
Mes: Royal 500, 500
Syria: Royal 500
vehicles
chariots
WATER
water management
aqueducts
canals
dams
plumbing
WEAPONS
armor
Balkans: Hoplite 675, greaves 650, body 1400, 600, 355
Europe: Mycenaean 1400, body 1700, 1100, chain 750
Italy: chain 350, body 335
helmets
Anat: Phrygian 350
Balkans: Illyrian 650, Corinthian 600, 510, 500, Chalcidian 525, 500, 400, Pilos 440, Thracian 350, Boeotian 330
Europe: tusk 1650, 750
Italy: 750, 500, 450
shields
Balkans: dipylon 750, aspis 550, Boeotian 510,
patterns 550, 520, 485, 450, 415, 375, 325
Brit: Witham 350
hand weapons
Amer: Norwood 500
Brit: halberd 2000, axe 1775
East: dagger-axe 1500, axe 1200
Med: dagger 1800, axe 1500
Spain: dagger 350,
bow Asia: composite 1500
Balkans: cross 450
East: composite 770, cross 1300, 700, 450, repeating 350
Egypt: composite 1325
Levant: composite 1468
swords
Anat: apa 1650
Balkans: slash 1240
East: Dao 1320, jian 650, Goujian 620, 2edge 400
Europe: apa 1650, Sogel 1600, slash 1350, 1240
Italy: kopis 650
Med: apa 1650, slash 1240
Spain: Falcata 350
war machines