| 54 Oct 13 | CLAUDIUS dies. |
| 54 Oct 13 |  AGRIPPINA-II, wid of Claudius, orders the palace and capital sealed, witholds news of his death, because her astologer says the timing is bad. She gets Burrus and the Praetorian Guard to accept her 16 year old son Claudius Augustus Germanicus Nero, who promises them 15,000 sesterces each. Burrus escorts him from the palace to the Praetorians. He is hailed imperator and accepted by the senate. NERO succeeds until 68. |
54 B76 I-148, 12-965, 15-1112, BAA, BBA 379, CAH 10-696, 702, CDCC 611, DGRBM 2-1162, Dur 3-210, GHH, IDB 3-537, IR 61, Jud 12-964, LEWH, MCAW, TToH, TTPC, wikAY 55 DGRBM 1-517, wikNr |
| 54 | Claudius is promptly deified by the senate, after the customary testimony of a senator who saw him ascend to heaven. | 54 CAH 10-501 |
| 54 | Emperor NERO is counselled by philosopher SENECA and Praetorian Prefect BURRUS until 62. | 54 LEWH, MCAW, wikSY |
| 54 | Emperor NERO begins with mildness and modesty. Refuses title "Pater Patriae" because he's too young. Refuses to permit statues in his honor. Refuses to change the calendar to begin with the month of his birth (Dec.). Halts 2 prosecutions for maiestas. | 54 CAH 10-704 |
| 54 | MONEY: Coinage begins and continues to be adulterated. | 54 B76 12-350 |
| 54 | Senate votes a statue of Nero to be put in temple of Mars Ultor equal in size to that of Mars. | 54 CAH 10-501 |
| 54 | SENECA the Younger & BURRUS, advisors to Nero, prepare for reconquest of Armenia, strengthens legions in Syria notify Antiochus-IV of Commagene and Agrippa-II to prepare for war. | TAn 13:7 54 CAH 10-759 |
| 54 | War against the Parthians begins until 63. Gn. Domitius Corbulo sent to Syria | 51 Dur 3-452 54 CDCC 611, GHH |
| c.54 | L. Annaeus SENECA (the Younger) writes Pumpkinification of the Divine Claudius , a satire. | 54 B76 16-531, wikSY |
| 54 late | NARCISSUS dies. Freedman secretary of Claudius, forced to suicide by Nero on insistence of Agrippina. He had been Vespasian's benefactor. | 54 B76 19-95, BNTH 394, DGRBM 3-101, britVs |
| Suicides in prison. | 54 B76 VII-193 |
| 55 Jan 1 | CONSULS: NERO and L. ANTISTIUS VETUS Nero exempts Vetus from customary oath of subordination to the princeps, thereby winning popular approval. |
55 CAH 10-704, DGRBM 2-1162, 3-1252, FHBC 84, OCD 75, about, wikCon |
| 55 early | Freedman financial secretary PALLAS, favorite of Agrippina, fired by Nero, replaced by freedman PHAON. | TAn 13:14 55 BAA 428, BBA 449, BNTH 346, CAH 10-709, LEWH |
| 55 | NERO, married to Octavia 53-62, has affair with Anatolian free woman Claudia ACTE. Mom, Agrippina-II scolds him for it. Nero takes cronies Otho and Senecio into confidence. Advisor Seneca encourages Nero to take Acte as mistress, lest he debauch women of rank. | TAn 13:12 55 OCD 7, no date LEWH |
| 55 | Junia SILANA accuses Agrippina of having intended to marry Rubellius Plautus, and then to replace Nero with Plautus. But Agrippina is strong enough to make it backfire, and Silana is banished until ?. | 55 DGRBM 3-818 |
| 55 | Agrippina-II, to get Nero away from Acte, begins to favor stepson Britannicus, son of Claudius and Messalina. | 55 MCAW, wikAY |
| 55 | Nero envies Britannicus for having a better singing voice. | 55 MCAW |
| 55 Feb | Son of Claudius and Messalina, and bro of Octavia, wife of Nero, BRITANNICUS dies age 14. (48) poisoned at a banquet. | TAn 13:16 55 Dur 3-210, GHH, IDB 3-537, IR , LEWH, MCAW, wikAY, wikNr |
| Tacitus erred in Annals 12:25, saying Britannicus was 2 years younger than Nero. Annals 13:15, says Brit was murdered at beginning of 55, a few days before he had completed his 14th year. | DGRBM 1-505 |
| 55 | Property of Britannicus is given to Seneca and Burrus. | 55 HRRP 4.2-468 |
| c.55 | Younger dau of L. Domitius Ahenobarbus and Antonia Major, DOMITIA LEPIDA the Younger dies. Aunt of Nero, accused by Agrippina-II of attempted murder by magic, disturbing the peace, and failing to control her Calabrian slave-gangs. She is executed, age 59, by order of Nero. Older sis of same name dies 59. | TAn 11:37 54 wikDLY 55 DGRBM 1-1060 |
| 55 | COHORTES VIGILUM, a city watch, begun with 600 slaves in 22 BC, is completed at a strength of 3,920 men. Fire prevention is their main duty | 55 CAH 10-794 |
| c.55 | Faenius RUFUS is appointed Prefect annonae (man in charge of grain supply), and does a good job of it until 62. | TAn 13:22 55 DGRBM 3-674 |
| c.55 | Senate, celebrating initial success against Parthia, has the statue of Nero (54) carried to the temple of Mars Ultor, declares Nero equal to Mars, an association granted no living person since Julius Caesar. | 55 CAH 10-707 |
| c.55 | Pedanios DIOSCORIDES publishes De Materia Medica in 5 books, containing effect of @600 medicinal plants plus nutritional & medicinal value of various animal products. Describes how to make several mineral remedies, e.g. copper sulfide "burnt copper". Mercury extraction is described. | 55 TTPC 77 B76 III-563 no date: OCD 354, SHT 2-371 no date: SHT 2-371 |
| c.55 | PLINY the Elder begins Historia Naturalis until 77. | 50-59 TTS |
| 55 | L. Anneas SENECA writes On the Constancy of the Wise Man addressed to Serenus. | post 47 B76 16-531 55 wikSY |
| c.55 | L. Annaeus SENECA (the Younger) writes On the Brevity of Life , addressed to prefect Paulinus, saying any length of life is sufficient if lived wisely. | 49 wikSY 55 B76 16-531, OCD 476 |
| 55/6 | L. Annaeus SENECA (the Younger) writes On Clemency dedicated to Nero. | 55 Dur 3-210 55/6 B76 III-426, 16-531, OCD 976 56 wikSY |
| 56 Jan 1 | CONSULS: Q. Volusius SATURNINUS and P. Cornelius SCIPIO suffetes: L. Annaeus Seneca (the Younger), P. Claudius Thrasea Paetus |
56 DGRBM 3-726, 754, FHBC 84, OCD 976, 1066, about, wikCon, wikSY |
| c.56 | NERO, princeps 54-68, disguised as a slave, roams the streets at night with a gang of punks. Steals stuff, beats people up. | TAn 13:25 56 B76 12-965 |
| c.56 | Senate forbids tribunes to usurp judicial functions of higher magistrates. Power to fine tribunes and aediles is limited. | 56 LEWH |
| c.56 | Helvidius PRISCUS, son-in-law of Thrasea Paetas, becomes pleb tribune. | 56 DGRBM 3-527 |
| c.56 | PALLAS & BURRUS are accused by Paetus of aspiring to replace Nero with Cornelius Sulla. Acquitted. | TAn 13:22 56 DGRBM 3-101 |
| c.56 | Freedman PALLAS, treasury secretary from ?, and ally of Agrippina, fired by Nero and dismissed from the palace. | 55 wikNr 56 DGRBM 3-101 |
| c.56 | Cestius Proculus accused of repetundae, but acquited. | TAn 13:30 56 DGRBM 1-674 |
| c.56 | Neph of Aulus Plautius, Plautius LATERANUS, former paramour of Messallina, out of senate from 48, reinstated by Nero. | 56 DGRBM 2-724 |
| 56 | Priscilla & Aquilla, in Asia from 52, return to Rome. | 56 BAA 349 |
| c.56 | AERARIUM SATURNAE (senatorial treasury), under quaestors from 44, put under 2 praetorian prefects chosen from X-prefects by emperor for 3 year terms. | 56 CAH 10-712, LEWH, wikArr |
| 56 | ITURIUS, client of Junia Silana, accuses Agrippina-II of trying to marry Rubellius Plautus and make him emperor. | TAn 13:19,21,22, 14:12 55 DGRBM 3-411 56 DGRBM 2-634-5 |
| 56 | ANTISTIUS SOSIANUS becomes pleb tribune. | TAn 3:28 56 DGRBM 3-880 |
| 56 | Conflict between praetor Vibullius and pleb tribune Antistius Sosianus over whether to keep imprisoned some disorderly audience members. Senate rules against Antistius. L. Calpurnius PISO Licinianus proposes that tribunes no longer be permitted to try cases in their own houses. | 56 wikLCP57 |
| 56 | Freedman ATIMETUS dies. Paramour of Domitia, aunt of Nero, accuses Agrippina-II of plotting against Nero. Agrippina gets Nero to kill Atimetus. | TAn 13:19, 21 56 DGRBM 1-406 |
| c.56 | AGRIPPINA-II is forced by Nero to move out of the palace, but she still has influence over Nero, and often participates in government until mid 56. | 56 wikAY |
| 56 mid | AGRIPPINA-II is forced by Nero out of active participation in government, but she continues to do so secretly. | 56 wikAY |
| c.56 | A senator says, 'Most of the equites and many of the senators are descendants of slaves.' | 56 Dur 3-364 |
| 56 | Aulus PLAUTIUS marries Pomponia Graecina. | 56 EBRB |
| 56 | L. Volusius SATURNINUS dies, age 93. | 56 DGRBM 3-726 |
| 57 Jan 1 | CONSULS: NERO (2nd) and L. CALPURNIUS PISO Licinianus suffete: Decennnius Geminus | 57 CAH 10-706, DGRBM 1-662, 2-1162, FHBC 84, OCD 837, about, wikCon, wikLCP57 |
| c.57 | NERO, princeps 54-68, revises Roman games to resemble Greek. No combat to death (People boo.), Senators and equites must participate (People cheer.). | 57 CAH 10-717 |
| 57 | Quaestor Obultronius SABINUS, a treasury official, accused of exploiting the poor by pleb tribune Helvidius Priscus. Charge of public documents, under quaestors from ?, transferred to prefects by Nero. | TAn 13:28 56 DGRBM 3-527 57 DGRBM 3-2 |
| 57 | Wife of Aulus Plautius, POMPONIA Graecina, charged with a "foreign superstition", (Christianity?). According to Roman law, she is tried by her husband before her kinsmen, and acquitted. | 57 wikAP |
| 57 | AGRIPPINA-II is forced by Nero to move out of Rome. She moves to Misenum. When she visits Rome, Nero sends people to annoy her. | 57 wikAY |
| 57 | Governors of Asia and Cilicia are recalled for misgovernment. | 57 MCAW |
| c.57 | Wooden AMPHITHEATER of NERO built to compensate for dissatisfaction over amphitheater of Statilius Taurus 29BC. Both are destroyed in the fire of 64CE. | 57 wikAST |
| c.57 | Cossutianus CAPITO, former governor of Cilicia, prosecuted by Cilicians helped by Thrasea Paetus, for extortion. Condemned. | 57 DGRBM 3-1106 |
| c.57 | T. Clodius Eprius MARCELLUS, a legate in Lycia from ?, returns to Rome, prosecuted by Lycians for extortion. Acquitted. | 57 DGRBM 2-936, OCD 402 |
| 57 | Q. Sulpicius Camerinus PETICUS, governor of Africa from 56, and predecessor Pomponius Silvanus, return to Rome. Both are accused by M. Regulus of extortion in Africa, but acquitted by Nero. | TAn 13:52 57 wikAf 58 DGRBM 3-826 59 DGRBM 1-590 |
| 58 Jan 1 | CONSULS: NERO (3rd) and M. VALERIUS MESSALA Corvinus | 58 CAH 10-706, DGRBM 2-1053, 1162, FHBC 84, about, wikCon |
| c.58 | NERO, princeps 54-68, on counsellors' advice, refuses perpetual consulship, eliminates taxes on property and inheritance. (i.e. on the rich) | 58 CAH 10-706, HRRP 4.2-471 |
| c.58 | Friend of Messalina, senator P. SUILLIUS Rufus makes a series of public attacks on Seneca the Younger, including charges that, in a mere 4 years of service to Nero, Seneca had acquired 300,000,000 sestertii by charging high interest on loans thruout Italy and the provinces. Seneca retaliates with a series of prosecutions for corruption against Suillius. Half of Suillius estate is confiscated and Suillius is exiled. | 58 DGRBM 3-677, Dur 3-302 wikSY |
| c.58 | Faustus Cornelius SULLA Felix plots to ambush Nero, returning from his nightly amusements, on Flaminian Way. Nero goes another way. | TAn 13:47 58 CAH 10-711 |
| 58 | TIGRANES-VI is crowned king of Armenia in Rome. Nero gives him a guard of 1,000 legionairs, 3 auxiliary cohorts and 2 wings of horses. | 58 wikTg6 |
| 58 | Son of Tig-6, ALEXANDER marries Julia JOTAPA, dau of King Antiochus-IV of Commagene in Rome. They are crowned client rulers of Cetis, a small region in Cilicia. | 58 wikTg6 |
| c.58 | Faustus Cornelius SULLA Felix, husband of Antonia d66, charged by freedman Graptus, acquitted, but banished anyway to Massilia until death 62. | TAn 13:47 58 CAH 10-711 59 DGRBM 3-944 |
| c.58 | Postumia PONTIA promises to marry pleb tribune Octavius Sagitta, then renigs, so he kills her, and is banished to an island for it. | TAn 13:44, THs 4:44 58 DGRBM 3-495, 694 |
| c.58 | Former governors of Asia, Lycia, and Cilicia are sued by their provinces. Former governor of Asia is also charged with the murder of his pro-consul. Eprius Marcellus, Lycian governor 53-56, was prosecuted for misappropriation of funds. Marcellus is acquitted. | 58 lctk |
| c.58 | Thrasea PAETUS speaks in senate on a trivial matter, and is censured by enemies. | 58 DGRBM 3-1106 |
| 58 | POPPAEA SABINA the Younger, wife of Rufius Crispinus, former prefect -51, dumps him to marry M. Salvius Otho, a friend of Nero, who brags about her assets to Nero, which encourages his attention. | TAn 13:45-6 58 CAH 10-715, OCD 7 |
| 58 | POPPAEA SABINA, wife of M. Salvius Otho, uses her husband as a tool to get close to Nero, and begins an affair with Nero. | 58 ISBE 3-521, wikAY |
| 58 | M. Salvius Otho is made quaestor, and governor of Lusitania until 68, so Nero can have his wife, Poppea Sabina. | TAn 13:45, 6 58 B76 VII-621, DGRBM 3-686, GHH, HRRP 4.2-476, wikLst 58/9 CAH 10-716, acOt |
| 58 late | AGRIPPINA and some troops and senators try to overthrow Nero, in favor of C. Rubellius Plautus. Agrippina reveals Nero's relationship with Poppaea Sabina, diminishing his popularity. | 58 wikAY |
| c.58/9 | L. Annaeus SENECA (the Younger) writes On the Happy Life , to his bro Novatus (Gallio) arguing that properly gaining and spending wealth is appropriate for a philosopher. | 58 wikSY 58/9 B76 16-531 |
| 59 Jan 1 | CONSULS: C. Vipstanus APRONIANUS and C. Fonteius CAPITO | 59 DGRBM 1-251, 602, FHBC 84, about, wikCon |
| 59 | Up to now, Nero's biographers say only good things about his policies. | 59 B76 12-965 |
| 59 | LUDI JUVENALES "Youth Games" instituted by Nero, who establishes corps of Augustiani to recruit young nobles to compete.. | 59 CAH 10-717, Dur 3-277, OCD 729 |
| 59 Jun | Oldest child of Antonia Major and L. Domitius Ahenobarbus, DOMITIA LEPIDA the Elder dies, age 67, of constipation. | 59 wikDLE |
| 59 | Divorcee of C. Silius from 47, Junia SILANA dies at Tarentum before murder of Agrippina. | 59 DGRBM 3-818 |
| 59 | L. Annaeus SENECA (the Younger) and Burrus reluctantly agree that Nero should kill his mom. Burrus refuses to help him, saying the Praetorians ar bound to protect the whole house of the Caesars. | 59 TTPC, wikSY 60 DGRBM 1-517 |
| c.59 | NERO, princeps 54-68, invites mom Agrippina-II to a banquet at Baiae. Afterward puts her on a boat designed to sink on return to Antium. | 59 Dur 3-210, |
| 59 | AGRIPPINA-II, mom of Nero, escapes from a boat designed to sink, swims to shore, pretends to believe it was an accident, sends a messenger to Nero to tell him she is safe. | 59 CAH 10-716, MCAW |
| c.59 | NERO pretends to think the messenger sent by Agrippina is an assassin, sends fleet commander Anicetus and his sailors to kill Agrippina. | 59 CAH 10-716, Dur 3-210, |
| 59 Mar | 1st dau of Germanicus & Agrippina-I, wid of C. D. Ahenobarbus, AGRIPPINA-II (the Younger) dies. Beaten to death at Baiae by centurion Anicetus on orders of Nero. | TAn 14:8 59 B76 I-148, 12-965, CAH 10-716, CDCC 29, 611, DGRBM 2-1163, 3-687, GHH, IDB 3-537, LEWH, MCAW, OCD 31, TToH, wikAY 60 DGRBM 1-82, 178 |
All surviving stories of Agrippina's death contradict themselves and each other, and are generally fantastical. wikAY
| 59 | Nero sends a letter to the senate saying his mom had conspired to kill him, and was justly executed. Senate congratulates Nero, and votes him honors. Only THRASEA PAETAS has the moral integrity to speak against them, and then walks out. | 59 DGRBM 3-1106, MCAW |
| 59 | Livineius REGULUS puts on a gladiator show in which disturbances occur, and is banished. | TAn 3:11, 14:17 59 MCAW |
| 59 | Nero has become a competent lyre player. | 59 MCAW |
| 59 | NERO begins giving performances to display his skill at singing, lyre playing, and charioteering. | 59/60 B76 12-966 |
| 59 | NERO returns from a chariot race. He insists on a stage appearance, which is achieved by summoning a batallion of the Praetorian Guard to his private gardens on the Tibur, and plays the lyre for them. | 59 Dur 3-278, MCAW |
| 59 | Port built at Antium by Nero. | 59 B76 I-436 |
| 59 | Riot in the amphitheater of Pompeii between Pompeians and newly settled colonists of Nuceria. Many killed & wounded. Pompeians are punished by forbidding gladiator and theater shows for 10 years. | TAn 14:17 59 B76 14-789, DGRG 2-646 |
| 59 | Dau of Drusus & Livilla, JULIA dies. Former wife of Nero 20-30, executed by instigation of Messalina. | TAn 13:43 59 DGRBM 2-642 |
| 59 | Acilius STRABO is accused by people of Cyrene. | 59 DGRBM 3-921 |
| 59 | Gn. DOMITIUS AFER dies of overeating. Superintendant of water supply from 49. | TAn 14:19 59 B76 I-118, DGRBM 3-634, GHH, wikGDA |
| 60 Jan 1 | CONSULS: NERO (4th) and Cossus Cornelius LENTULUS | 60 DGRBM 2-733, 1163, FHBC 84, about, wikCon |
| c.60 | "NERONIA" (aka Quinquennalia) established by Nero, 5 year games: musical, oratory, athletic, and equestrian. | 60 CAH 10-718, DGRBM 2-808, Dur 3-277, GHH 61 OCD 729 |
| 60 | Servius Sulpicius GALBA, out of office from 49, appointed governor of Nearer Spain until 68. | 60 HRRP 4.2-560, OCD 454, anhiGl |
| 60 | Equite, Vibius SECUNDUS accused of Malversation in Mauretania, condemned, banished from Italy. | TAn 14:28 60 DGRBM 3-764 |
| 60 | There is much violent canvasing for praetor's office, which causes Nero to intervene, by compensating the 3 unsuccessful candidates with command of a legion. | 60 HRRP 4.2-484 |
| 60 | COMET appears. People ask if Nero is dethroned, and if so, who is emperor. C. Rubellius Plautus is prominent. | TAn 14:22 60 DGRBM 2-1163, 3-411 |
| c.60 | M. Antonius FELIX, 4th procurator of Judea from 52, recalled to Rome. Jews of Caesarea charge him with crimes. His influential bro Pallas gets him released. | Ant 20:8:9 56 FHBC 399 58 IDB 3-893 59 BAA, BBA , BNTH 340, 346, 357, ENBD 421, GSNT, IDB 1-605, ISBE 1-43, 3-709, MUTC 30 60 CAH 10-584, GHH, IDB 2-264,5, 593, ISBE 2-298, 923, Jud 6-1218, 1247, OCD 434-5, TTPC, jePr, wikJRP 62 DGRBM 2-143 |
| 60 | PUTEOLI raised to rank of colony. | TAn 14:27 60 CAH 10, |
| 60 | Pedius BLAESUS expelled from senate until 70 on complaint of Cyrene for robbing the temple of Aesculapius and for corrupt military levies. | TAn 14:18, THs 1:77 60 DGRBM 1-492 |
| 60 | Rubellius Blandus Plautus, at suggestion of Nero, takes wife Antista, and moves to Asia until death 62. | TAn 14:22 60 DGRBM 3-411 |
| c.60 | NERO, princeps 54-68, increases judicial power of senate, delegates more cases to senate, requires a deposit from plaintiffs on appeal cases to senate (already required in appeal cases to princeps). | 60 CAH 10-705 |
| c.60 | L. CALPURNIUS PISO Licinianus becomes curator aquarum until 63. | 60 wikLCP57 |
| 60 | C. Ofonius TIGELLINUS settles in Rome, becomes Urban Prefect of the 3 Urban Cohorts, the city's police force until 62. | 60 wikTgl |
| 60 | M. Servilius NONIANUS dies. | TAn 14:19 60 DGRBM 2-1208 |
| c.60 | DOMITIUS AFER, son of Claudia Pulchra, dies. | TAn 14:19 60 DGRG 2-54 |
| c.60 | L. Annaeus SENECA (the Younger) writes On Benefits 7 books. | post-56 B76 16-531, OCD 976 63 wikSY |
| c.60 | MONEY: AS, weighing ½oz. copper from 87BC, reduced to ¼oz. | 60 Dur 3-330 |
| c.60 | 1st known GYMNASIUM in Rome built on Campus Martius. | 60 CDCC 409 |
| 61 Jan 1 | CONSULS: P. Petronius TURPILIANUS and L. Caesennius PAETUS | 61 DGRBM 3-85, 216, 1192, FHBC 84, OCD 767, about, wikCon |
| 61 | The prefectus urbi, originally a military or police officer, now competes in jurisdiction with the praetor urbanus. | 61 LEWH |
| c.61 | M. Tarquitius PRISCUS, governor of Bithynia/Pontus 59-60, condemned for extortion in his province. | TAn 12:59, 14:46 61 DGRBM 3-529 |
| 61 | PAUL & Luke spend 3 days at Syracuse, sail to Rhegium | Ax 28: 12-13 59 blbPl |
| c.61 | PAUL & Luke, in custody of centurion Julius, sail from Rhegium to Puteoli. | Ax 28: 13 59 blbPl 60 B76 13-1093, BAA, BNTH 361, CBCNT 119, IDB 1-607, ISBE 1-43, 3-709 61 Dur 3-552, ENBD 945, MCAW 62 BBA 511 |
| c.61 | PAUL & Luke proceed by Via Appia to Rome. Remains until 62. | Ax 28:14-16 60 B76 13-1093, BAA, BBP 98, BNTH 361, CBCNT 119, 126, 132, IDB 1-607, ISBE 1-43, 3-709, blbPl, gnwd 61 Dur 3-552, ENBD 945, MCAW, civPl, clwa, mtmg 62 BBA 511 |
| 61 | A senator, several equites, and a quaestor are exiled for forging wills. | 61 HRRP 4.2-484 |
| 61 | Lex Petronia forbids masters to send their slaves to fight wild beasts, without cause. | 61 OCD 604 |
| c.61 | Pedanius SECUNDUS, urban prefect from ?, murdered by his own slave. Law and custom says all slaves in his house (400) be executed. A senate minority protests. Popular street demonstrations fail to prevent their execution. SLAVES have NO rights. They can be raped or murdered. They cannot own, inherit, bequeath, or marry. Their children are all illegitimate, even if the father is free. The law does not even use ther term persona for a slave. |
TAn 14:42 61 Dur 3-397 |
| c.61 | PAUL is handed over to a camp commandant, put under house arrest at Rome until 62. He is allowed much freedom, offends Jewish Christians by insisting that gentiles can become Ctns. | Ax 28:17-28 60 BBA, BNTD 13, BNTH 361, CBCNT 127, 132, ISBE 1-36, 489, NIV 1832, WHCC 27, dnt 61 GHH, MCAW, mtmg 62 ENBD 227, TTPC |
| c.61 | PAUL, under house arrest in Rome, writes Epistle to the Philippians , containing general exhortations to faith, humility, etc. He expects to be released and to visit Philippi (2:24). Epistle is carried by Epaphroditus. | 53-4 B76 2-964 60 Sco 1280 60-2 WHCC 27 61 CBCNT 17, 128, NIV 1801, blbPl 62 B76 VII-944, CBCNT 132, DGRG 2-599, GHH, GSNT 531, blbPl, civPl, mtmg 62/3 clwa |
| Ephesus is also a likely place of writing. | 54-5 IDB 3-790 | |
| ch 1:1-3:1 and 4:10-23 are written now from Rome. | 60-61 ISBE 3-699 |
| c.61 | PAUL, under house arrest in Rome, writes Epistle to Colossians to refute heresies. Carried by Tychicus and Onesimus. | Ax 28:30 60 BBA, BNTD 14, BNTH 361, CBCNT 16, 127, NIV 1811, Sco 1285 60-1 BAA, ISBE 3-699, blbPl 60-2 ISBE 1-733, WHCC 27 61 CBCNT 132, MCAW 61/2 GSNT 530 62 GHH, civPl, mtmg 62/3 clwa |
| 56/7 if written at Ephesus; 61/2 if at Rome | IDB 1-660 |
| c.61 | PAUL, under house arrest in Rome writes Epistle to Ephesians | Ax 28:30 60 BBA, BNTD 14, BNTH 361, CBCNT 128, 132, NIV 1789, Sco 1272 60-1 BAA, ISBE 3-699, blbPl 61 ISBE 2-113, MCAW 61/2 GSNT 530 61-3 clwa 62 GHH, civPl, mtmg |
| not written by Paul | 87-92 IDB 2-112 |
| c.61 | PAUL, under house arrest in Rome writes Epistle to Philemon Paul expects to be released, and to visit Philemon (v.22). It is delivered by Philemon's escaped slave Onesimus, who had run to Rome. | Ax 28:30 60 BBA, BNTD 14, BNTH 361, CBCNT 16, 127, NIV 1855, Sco 1309, blbPl 60-1 BAA, ISBE 3-699 60-2 WHCC 27 61 CBCNT 132, IDB 3-784, MCAW 61/2 GSNT 530 62 GHH, civPl 62/3 clwa 63 mtmg |
| writes it from Ephesus | 53/4 B76 2-967 56 IDB 3-784 |
| The tradition that Philippians, Colossians, Philemon, & Epesians were written from Rome is challenged by scholars who prefer Caesarea, or earlier from Ephesus. | IDB 4-123 |
| c.61 | Book of Acts of the Apostles written, probably by Luke, and probably in Rome. | 60 IDB 1-40, Sco 1160 60-63 GSNT 129 61 CBCNT 128 62 GSNT 531 63 or 70 NIV 1641 70-90 B76 I-71 85-90 ISBE 2-536 |
| 61 | High priest ISHMAEL ben Phabi-II goes to Rome to protest wall built by Agrippa-II. Nero permits the wall to stay, and detains Ishmael in Rome, and allows Agrippa-II to depose him. | 61 CAH 10-855, no date: Jud 9-86 |
| 62 Jan 1 | CONSULS: P. Marius CELSUS and L. Asinius GALLUS suffetes: Eprius Marcellus and Junius Marullus | 62 DGRBM 1-663, 2-967, FHBC 85, OCD 402, about, wikCon |
| 62 | Praetorian Prefect from 51, Sextus Afranius BURRUS dies, probably naturally. Nero is suspected of poisoning him. Nero splits the prefecture again. L. Faenius RUFUS succeeds until 65. C. Ofonius TIGELLINUS succeeds until 68. | TAn 14:51 62 B76 II-392, IX-1004, 16-530, BBA , BNTH 362, CAH 10-720, HRRP 4.2-499, IDB 3-537, ISBE 3-521, LEWH, MCAW, OCD 185, 729, wikFR, wikNr, wikPP, wikSY, wikTgl 63 DGRBM 1-518, 2-1163, 3-674, 1126, GHH |
| 62 | Ofonius TIGELLINUS sabotages his successive co-prefects, Faenius Rufus and Nymphidius Sabinus, to secure his position as a trusted advisor to Nero. | 62 wikTgl |
| 62 | Senators, and equites complain privately that Nero is ruining Rome. | 62 wikCCP |
| 62 | L. Annaeus SENECA (the Younger), Nero's tutor from 49, takes a hint from Nero, and resigns position at court, retires to private life to avoid the danger apprehended from Nero. Nero calls him back. | 62 BBA , CAH 10-720, Dur 3-303, GHH, IDB 3-537, ISBE 3-521, MCAW, TToH, wikSY |
| c.62 | PAUL in Rome writes 2nd Timothy (2nd pastoral epistle to Timothy) in Ephesus. Paul's only remaining companion is Luke (4:11). Paul expects to be killed soon (4:6), and asks Tim to visit him before winter, and bring John Mark (4:9,11,21). | 60-2 WHCC 27 62 gnwd 62/3 NIV 1843 63 CNCNT 17 63/4 CNCNT 128 64-6 blbPl 65 GSNT 531, ISBE 3-699 66/7 mtmg 67 CBCNT 132, Sco 1302, civPl 67/8 clwa |
| Its a 3rd generation forgery. | IDB 4-651 |
| The 3 pastoral epistles: 1Tim, 2Tim, & Titus, are probably not written by Paul, but by a later disciple of Paul c.150. If they are Pauline, then 2 separate imprisonments in Rome are required. | B76 13-1093, IDB 3-669, wikPE |
| c. 62 | PAUL, prisoner from 61, probably tried by Afranius Burrus. Some conservatives ASSUME that he is released, and goes to either Spain, Macedomia, or Jerusalem in order to allow him to fulfill his stated expectations in Rom. 2Tim., Titus, Phil., Pmon. to visit various places. | 61 ISBE 1-37, 489 61/2 BAA 62 BBP 98, BNTD 13, BNTH 362, CBCNT 128, ISBE 1-36, 3-709, NIV 1832, Qlb 47, 57, dnt, gnwd 63 ENBD 945, GHH, GSNT 129, 319, clwa, mtmg 64 ENBD 227 |
| goes to Spain | 63 ENBD 945, | |
| He reaches "the boundary of the west" says 1 Clement 5. | 63 ENBD 1209 |
| 62 | After Burrus dies, dau of Claudius & Messalina, OCTAVIA, wife of Nero from 53, is divorced on grounds of barrenness and adultery, then compensated with the estates of Burrus and Plautus, then banished to Campania. Roman mob riots in protest. Nero restores her until later 62. | TAn 14:60, Ant 20:8:11 62 BBA , CAH 10-721, DGRBM 3-5, Dur 3-279, Jud 13-861, LEWH, MCAW |
| 62 | The mob now rejoices, and pours into the palace, destroys statues of Poppaea. Nero calls in the praetorians to dispurse them. | TAn 14:61 |
| 62 | Ofonius TIGELLINUS supports Poppaea, encourages and helps Nero in all his profligacies. | no date: DGRBM 3-1126, wikTgl |
| 62 | Antistius SOSIANUS becomes praetor. | 62 DGRBM 3-880 |
| 62 | 12 days after divorce, NERO marries pregnant mistress POPPAEA SABINA, wife of M. Salvius Otho, until her death 65. | TAn 14:60-64 62 B76 12-966, BBA 511, CAH 10-721, DGRBM 3-5, 687, Dur 3-279, GHH, LEWH, MCAW, TToH, acOt, wikAY, wikNr, wikPS 63 DGRBM 3-1126 |
| 62 | ANICETUS, fleet commander at Misenum, (and murderer of Agrippina) is persuaded by Nero to confess adultery with Octavia, for which he is exiled to Sardinia. | TAn 14:62 62 CAH 10-721, OCD 65 |
| 62 | Dau of Claudius & Messalina, OCTAVIA is accused by a servant (induced by Poppaea) of adultery with a slave, banished to Pandataria island until death 62. | TAn 14:63 62 DGRBM 3-5, 783 |
| 62 | Ofonius TIGELLINUS fabricates evidence to justify the murder of Nero's wife, Octavia. | 62 wikTgl |
| 62 Jun 9 | Dau of Claudius & Messalina, div of Nero, Claudia OCTAVIA dies, age 20. Banished to Pandataria island 62, murdered by Nero's command. Her head is brought to Poppaea Sabina. | TAn 14:64 62 B76 12-965, CAH 10-721, DGRBM 3-5, Dur 3-210, GHH, ISBE 3-521, MCAW, wikCO |
| c.62 | M. Antonius PALLAS, freedman, former secretary of Claudius, deposed and retired from 55, poisoned on orders of Nero in order to confiscate his wealth. | TAn 14:65 62 BBA 449, OCD 837, wikPls 62 DGRBM 3-101 |
| c.62 | L. Calpurnius PISO Licinianus, A. Ducenius Geminus and Pompeius Paullinus are appointed by Nero to manage the public revenues. | 62 OCD 837, wikLCP57 |
| 62 | Gn. Julius Agricola, aide to Suetonius in Britain from 60, returns to Rome until 63, marries Domitia Decidiana. | 62 CDCC 25, wikAgr no date: DGRBM 1-76 |
| 62 | Praetor Antistius SOSIANUS writes libelous verses against Nero, and is exiled until 66. | 62 DGRBM 3-880 |
| 62 | Praetor Antistius SOSIANUS is accused of reciting some anti-Nero poetry. P. Ostorius Scapula defends him. Acquitted. (see 64) | 62 DGRBM 3-736, HRRP 4.2-485 |
| c.62 | Trials for maiestas (treason), abandoned 54, resumed by Nero. Charges are brought against cultural opponents and wealthy people. | 62 CAH 10-720, Dur 3-278, HRRP 4.2-485, OCD 729 |
| 62 | Valerius Fabianus, Vincius Rufinus, M. Antonius Primus and others charged with trying to impose a forged will on senile Domitius Balbus. Fabianus and Primus are removed from the senate. Primus is banished from Rome until 68. | TAn 14:40 62 DGRBM 2-131, wikVF' |
| c.62 | Praetor L. ANTISTIUS VETUS recites anti-Nero poetry at house of Ostorius Scapula. Charged with treason by Cossutianus Capito. Sentenced to exile on the contention that it was worse than death. | TAn 14:48 |
| c.62 | Praetor L. ANTISTIUS VETUS vainly urges son-in-law Rubellius Plautus, now in Asia, to take up arms against Nero. | TAn 14:58 62 OCD 715 |
| 62 | Son of F.C.S. Lucullus and Domitia Lepida, Faustus Cornelius SULLA Felix dies in Massilia. | 62 wikDLY |
| c.62 | C. RUBELLIUS PLAUTUS is murdered in Asia, but Vetus escapes until 65. | 62 DGRBM 3-411, 1252, wikNr |
| 62 | Praetor ANTISTIUS VETUS is accused of writing libelous verses against Nero. A consul-elect proposes to execute Antistius. THRASEA PAETUS proposes property confiscation as sufficient punishment. Senate majority agrees. Nero expresses disapproval. | 62 DGRBM 3-1106 |
| 62 | Claudius TIMARCHUS former governor of Crete, is accused of malversation. THRASEA PAETUS speaks against provincial administration in general, proposes remedies, and gets applause. | TAn 15:20 62 DGRBM 3-1106, 1135 |
| c.62 | Fabricius VIENTO is accused of libeling senators and pontiffs. Case is tried by Nero personally (unusual). Viento is banished from Italy, his books burnt. | TAn 14:50-2 62 DGRBM 3-1236, OCD 715 |
| c.62 | PETER arrives in Rome. | 62 CBCNT 132, gnwd |
| 62 | Apostle MARK martyred in Venice or Egypt. | 62 CAH 10-719, MCAW |
| 62 Nov 24 | Etruscan Satirist A. PERSIUS FLACCUS dies, age 28, in Campania. His works (700 scrolls) are kept by friend L. Annaeus Cornutus, which he revises, and delivers to Caesius Bassus to edit. 6 Satires: 1. derides popular mythological poetry 2. attacks seekers of fortune from gods rather than moral works 3. links immoral acts with bad spirit 4. urges Alcibiades to seek self-knowledge rather than popularity 5. eulogizes his teacher; complains about materiality 6. advises living within one's means |
62 B76 VII-891, CDCC 668, Dur 3-210, GHH, wikPrs |
| 63 Jan 1 | CONSULS: C. Memmius REGULUS and L. Verginius RUFUS | 63 DGRBM 3-677, FHBC 85, OCD 1114, about, wikCon |
| 63 Jan 21 | Wife of Nero, Poppaea Sabina bears a dau at Antium. Child dies 4 months later, and is deified. | 63 CDCC 708, DGRBM 2-1164, 3-687, Dur 3-280, wikPS |
| 63 Jan | SENATE goes to Antium to congratulate Nero on birth of his dau by Poppaea. Thrasea Paetas is refused permission to enter Nero's presence. | 63 DGRBM 3-1106 |
| 63 Feb 5 | Mt. VESUVIUS, dormant for all known history, starts rumbling, causes an earthquake, damaging Pompeii & Herculanium, which are quickly rebuilt. | TAn 14:27, 15:22 62 B76 14-789, CDCC 295 63 CAH 10-714, DGRBM 2-1164, DGRG 1-1053, 2-646, Dur 3-457, HRRP 4.2-486, 681, JZ 240 |
| 63 | TITUS Flavius Vespasian, military tribune in Britain from 59/60, returns to Rome. | 63 wikTt |
| 63 | TITUS Flavius Vespasian marries Arrecina TERTULLA until 65. She is dau of M. Arrecinus Clemens, a former Praetorian Prefect. | 63 wikTt |
| 63 | War with Parthia from 54 ends. Corbulo's solution of a Parthian peace without victory is accepted by Nero. | 63 CDCC 611, Dur 3-452, LEWH |
| 63 | Annius POLLIO, friend of Nero, accused of participating in Piso conspiracy, and banished. | TAn 6:9 63 DGRBM 3-437 |
| 63 | Parthian embassy politely asks if Tiridates may be accepted as a Roman client king of Armenia. Nero gives them a vague answer, and prepares for war. | TAn 15:24 |
| 63 | Gn. Julius AGRICOLA becomes quaestor and financial secretary in Asia. | 63 CDCC 25, DGRBM 1-76 |
| 63 | T. Flavius VESPASIANUS, out of public life from 52, appointed governor of Africa Province until 64. | TAn 2:97 63 wikVs |
| 63 | Consulars Ducennius Geminus, L. Piso, and Pompeius Paulinus are appointed by Nero to superintend public tribute collection, and prosecute predecessors who managed the job badly. | 63 DGRBM 2-238-9, 3-145 |
| 63 | TIRIDATES, bro of Vologases, former king of Armenia 53-60, goes to Naples and Rome to get Nero to accept him as king of Armenia. Restored as a Roman client until ?. | TAn 15:29 63 B76 18-1041, DGRBM 3-1152, OCD 119, wikPE |
| 63 | COTTIUS-II, client king of Ligures in west Alps from ?, dies. | 63 wikAC |
| 63 | 3 Alpine provinces are mentioned. On authority of Dio Cassius (liv. 24), Augustus formed the Alpes Maritimae into a province in 14 BC. Nero now gives the 3 Alpine provinces Latin rights. | TAn 15:32 63 DGRG 967 |
| 63 |  ALPES MARITIMAE, a province in west Alps, from 14 BC under a praefectus civitatium, given Latin rights by Nero, and put under a procurator. . Capital is Cemenelum. |
Map: Milenioscuro 63 wikAM 64/5 CAH 10 |
| 63 |  ALPES COTTIAE, a part of Maritime Alps from 14 BC made a separate province by Nero, and put under a procurator. Capital is Segusio. |
Map: Milenioscuro 63 wikAC 64/5 CAH 10 ' |
| c.63 | L. CALPURNIUS PISO Licinianus, curator aquarum from 60, no longer so. | 63 wikLCP57 |
| 63±1 | L. Annaeus SENECA writes On Leisure addressed to Serenus. | 62 wikSY 63-5 B76 16-531 |
| c.63 | PETER in Rome dictates 1st Peter to Sylvanus telling churches in Anatolia to endure suffering and repay evil with good. | 60-4 NIV 1886 62-4 Qlb 57, gnwd 63 CBCNT 16, 128 63/4 GSNT 480 65 ODCC 1069, Sco 1332 90 WHCC 43 |
| 2nd century letter falsely attributed to Peter. | B76 VII-905 |
| 63/4 | NERO gets interested in religion: e.g. Zoroastrian images, esoteric Judaists, Simon Magus, Apollonius of Tyana, and Paul. He becomes a devotee of Syrian virgin-mother Atargatis, then of virgin-mother Juno-Canathos. He also has an eccstatic fit in the Temple of Vesta. | 63/4 B76 12-966 |
| 64 Jan 1 | CONSULS: C. LAECANIUS BASSUS and M. LICINIUS CRASSUS FRUGI | 64 FHBC 85, about, wikCon |
| 64 | By senatus consultum, 4 forms of legacy are not entirely abolished, but diminished in importance. | 64 ERLG 261 |
| c.64 | NERO, princeps 54-68, goes to Neapolis for a singing engagement. After he and everyone leave the theater, it collapses, hurting no one. | TAn 15:34 |
| 64 | T. Flavius VESPASIANUS, governor of Africa from 63, returns broke to Rome. Mortgages his home to his bro, and raises mules for a living. | 64 wikAf 68 hifiC, rcNA, wikAf |
| c.64 | L. Annaeus SENECA (the Younger) writes Epistulae Morales , 124 moral Letters to Lucilius Jr. "All art is but immitation of nature." | 63 TTPC 64 wikSY 63-5 B76 III-928, 16-531 |
| 64 | CANAL begun from Ostia to Lake Avernus by Nero, but abandoned for lack of money. | TAn 15:42 |
| 64 | NERO marries freedman PYTHAGORAS. Nero, in drag, plays the bride. | 64 wikNr |
| 64 | D. Junius SILANUS dies. Great grandson of Augustus thru Julia, boasts descent from Augustus, sought by police, suicides. | TAn 15:35 64 CAH 10-720, DGRBM 3-821, OCD 989 |
| 64 | AEDILES store much grain in Rome, make regulations to insure freshness of meat, fish, produce. | 64 TTPC |
| 64 | P. Ostorius SCAPULA is accused of something by Antistius Sosianus, whom Scapula defended in 62. Condemned, suicides. | 64 DGRBM 3-736 |
| 64 | JOSEPHUS, age 29, sails from Judea to Italy, goes to Rome to get release of certain priests sent there by Antonius Felix for trial. | Autobio 3 63 BBA, ENBD 660 64 B76 10-278, GHH, IDB 1-50, ISBE 2-1132, Jud 10-251, 13-861 |
| 64±1 | L. Annaeus SENECA (the Younger) writes On Tranquility of Mind addressed to Serenus. | 63 wikSY 63-5 B76 16-531 |
| 64±1 | L. Annaeus SENECA (the Younger) writes Natural Questions , 8 books on ancient theories of cosmology, meteorology, etc. | 63-5 B76 16-531, Dur 3-303, wikSY |
| 64 | PARTY (one of many) on Agrippina's lake sponsored by Tigellinus. Nero and guests ride a raft towed by ornamented ships. Brothels on one bank are populated by noble women. Naked whores on the other bank put on shows. Nero does every gross act he can think of, finishing by marrying a whore and fucking her on stage. | TAn 15:37 64 wikTgl |
| 64 | PAUL's alleged 2nd visit to Rome, imprisoned. | 63/4 CBCNT 128 64 BNTD 14, GHH 68 civPl |
| c.64 | NERO, princeps 54-68, goes to Antium on coast of Latium (to be away from Rome when the fire starts?). | 64 B76 12-966, CAH 10-722 |
| 64 Jul 18-19 | FIRE at Rome begins at night in wooden shop-booths at the end of Circus Maximus that adjoins the Palatine. Probably an accident. A full moon that night would have made it a bad night for aarson. Lasts 9 days. | 64 B76 10-145, 15-1069, BAA, BBA 511, BNTH 399, CAH 10-722, CDCC 194, 611, DGRBM 2-1164, Dur 3-280, HRRP 4.2-505, IDB 3-538, IR 61, ISBE 3-522, Qlb 47, TTPC, wikNr 65 B76 IX-1004 |
| 64 Jul | FIRE at Rome spreads over the Palatine and Velian hills up to the Esquiline; also spreads thru the Aventine, the Forum Boarium, and the Velabrum, until it reaches the Tiber and the Servian wall. Destroys 3 of 14 Roman districts and severely damages 7 more. | 64 Dur 3-210, GHH, LEWH, MCAW, TTPC, wikNr |
| 64 Jul | AMPHITHEATERS of Statilius Taurus 29BC and Nero 57, are burnt down. | 64 wikAST |
| 64 Jul | NERO hears of fire, rushes home from Antium, personally directs the vigiles (fire brigades). | 64 CAH 10-722, wikVg |
| 64 Jul | NERO watches the fire, reciting lines on the destruction of Troy. He frets (not fiddles) while Rome burns. Suspicion falls on Nero, Tigellinus and others. Nero does much to relieve suffering, institutes relief organizations, opens all public buildings and imperial gardens for housing, and arranges for food supplies to be delivered. | 64 GHH, LEWH, MCAW, TTPC, wikNr, wikTgl |
| 64 Jul | ROME ⅔ destroyed by the fire. Of the 14 districts, 3 are levelled to the ground, 7 are half burnt ruins, 4 are untouched. Destroyed buildings include the shrine to Hercules built by Evander, temples of Luna, Vesta, and Jupiter the Stayer, plus much Greek art and other trophies of war. | TAn 15:40-1 64 TTPC 65 B76 IX-1004 |
| 64 | TEMPLE of VESTA, (see 210) Burnt. Rebuilt and burnt again 191. | 64 pnuc |
| 64 | In Placentia, a calf is born with its head attached to its leg. Roman diviners interpret this to mean a new head is preparing for the world, which will be neither mighty nor hidden, as its growth had been checked in the womb, and it had been born by the wayside. | TAn 15:47 |
| 64 | NERO petitions the whole empire for donations to repair Rome. SENECA the Younger donates most of his fortune. | 64 Dur 3-303 |
| 64 | CURRENCY DEVALUED for the first time in the Empire's history. Nero reduces the denarius from 3.8 grams to 3.3 grams. He also reduces the silver purity from 99.5% to 93.5%, the silver weight dropping from 3.8 grams to 2.97 grams. Nero reduces the weight of the aureus from 7.9 grams to 7.2 grams. | 64 wikNr |
| 64 | Equite Calpurnius FABATUS is accused by informers of knowing of adultery and magic which are alleged against LEPIDA, wife of C. Cassius. Fabatus appeals to Nero, and eventually eludes the accusation. | TAn 16:8 64 DGRBM 2-130 |
| 64 ±1 | L. Annaeus CORNUTUS, freedman philosophy teacher at Rome, teacher of Lucan and Persius, exiled by Nero, disappears from history. | 64 OCD 292 66 or 8 B76 III-158 |
| 64 | 1st CHRISTIAN PERSECUTION begins until 68. Nero blames the fire on Christians, tortures and kills many. | 64 BAA, Dur 3-210, 552, ISBE 3-709, LEWH, MCAW, Qlb 57, TToH, TTPC, TTT, WHCC 30 65 GHH 67 FBM 19 |
| 64 | 
Nero's DOMUS AUREA "Golden House", begun until 68, on 200 acres of ground burnt by the fire, to link buildings on the Palatine with the Gardens of Maecenas and other properties on the Esquiline and adjoining hills. |
left: Cristiano64 right: ColdEel 64 CDCC 638, GHH 65 B76 VII-264, MCAW |
| 64 | M. Valerius MARTIAL, age 25, educated in Spain, comes to Rome, develops friendship with Seneca and Lucan. | 64 MCAW, OCD 652 66 DGRBM 2-964, GHH |
| 65 Jan 1 | CONSULS: A. LICINIUS NERVA Silianus and M. Julius VESTINUS ATTICUS suffete: C. Licinius Mucianus | 65 DGRBM 1-416, FHBC 85, OCD 702, about, wikCon |
| 65 Apr 30 | Young republican poet M. Annaeus Lucanus, LUCAN dies. Neph of Seneca, implicated in plot against Nero, accuses his own mom, Atilla. Forced to suicide, age 26. M. Annaeus Mela claims his property, but loses the suit. | 65 B76 VI-369, CAH 10-729, CDCC 530, DGRBM 2-807, Dur 3-296, LEWH, MCAW, OCD 620 66 DGRBM 1-406, 2-1010 |
| 65 | Rome rebuilt on a regular and less congested plan. | 65 GHH, MCAW |
| c.65 | NERO, princeps 54-68, begins sculpting a 30m tall bronze COLOSSUS (Apollo statue), with Nero's face, in front of his Golden House. Architect Zenodorus. Erected 75. | 65 CAH 10-501 no date: wikCN |
| c.65 | NERO, princeps 54-68, gives a singing and lyre playing performance in the theater of Pompey. | 65 Dur 3-278 |
| c.65 | Dau of M. Arrecinus Clemens, Arrecina TERTULLA dies. Wife of TITUS Flavius Vespasian from 63. | 65 wikTt |
| c.65 | PAUL martyred. Tried and beheaded on Via Ostia 3 miles from Rome. | 61-4 B76 2-948 64 CBCNT 53, 128, CDCC 652, Dur 3-552, FHBC 305, ISBE 3-522 65 BAA, GHH, ISBE 3-709, Jud 13-190, MCAW 64-6 ISBE 1-37 64-8 CBCNT 119 66 Qlb 60, blbPl 66/7 Qlb 47 67 B76 13-955, ENBD 945, TTPC, mtmg 67/8 NIV 1836 68 CBCNT 132, civPl, gnwd |
| c.65 | ARISTARCHUS, 1st bishop of Thessalonica, beheaded with Paul. | no date: DDS 71 |
| c.65 | PETER in Rome writes 2nd Peter . Says Jesus is delaying his 2nd coming because he's patient. | 63/4 CBCNT 16, 128 64 gnwd, 65 GSNT 531 65-8 NIV 1897 66 Sco 1338 |
| 2nd century forgery attributed to Peter. | B76 VII-905, 2-970 |
| 65 | A senate-inspired widespread CONSPIRACY, mostly under Praetorian tribune Flavius Subrius and centurion Sulpicius Asper, to replace Nero with C. Calpurnius PISO. Subrius proposes killing Nero on stage, or while burning the palace. Conspirators include Plautius Lateranus. | 64 ISBE 3-522 65 B76 IX-1004, 12-966, 15-1112, CAH 10-920, CDCC 611, DGRBM 3-376, Dur 3-282, IR 62, LEWH, TTPC, wikCCP, wikNr 66 DGRBM 2-175, 724 |
| 65 | Piso's conspiracy is discovered and disclosed to Nero by Milichus, a freedman of Flavius Scaevola (one of the conspirators). 18 out of 41 conspirators executed or forced to suicide. Flavius Subrius is beheaded. | TAn 15:49, 54 65 B76 12-966, CAH 10-728, DGRBM 2-1164, 3-376, GHH, LEWH, OCD 729, TTPC, wikTt 66 DGRBM 2-175, 1085 |
| 65 | Equite Antonius NATALIS, part of Piso conspiracy, threatened with torture, rats out fellow conspirators, escapes punishment. | TAn 15:50, 54-60 66 DGRBM 2-1142 |
| 65 | M. Cocceius NERVA helps expose the Piso conspiracy, and is favored by Nero, elected praetor, and receives triumphal honors. | 65 wikNv |
| 65 | C. Calpurnius PISO dies. Bleeds himself to death. Adopted son Calpurnius Galerianus survives until 70. | 65 DGRBM 2-1164, 3-376, GHH, OCD 837 |
| 65 | Neph of Aulus Plautius, Plautius LATERANUS executed without being allowed to embrace his kids. | 65 DGRBM 2-1164, wikAP |
| 65 | Praetorian Prefect from 62, L. Faenius RUFUS dies. Implicated in Piso conspiracy, deposed, forced to suicide. Colleague Tigellinus continues 62-68. C. Nymphidius SABINUS succeeds until 68. Sabinus works to suppress conspirators. | 65 CAH 10-727, DGRBM 3-674, LEWH, wikFR, wikNS, wikPP |
| 65 | Praetorian tribune Cornelius MARTIALIS implicated in plot against Nero, deposed. | 66 DGRBM 2-964 |
| 65 | Consul designate, Anicius CEREALIS proposes building a temple to Nero ASAP at public expense. | 65 DGRBM 1-672 |
| 65 | Praetor designate, M. Cocceius NERVA receives ornamenta triumphalia for suppression of Piso conspiracy. | 65 OCD 730 |
| 65 | Writer PETRONIUS ARBITER dies. Falsely accused by Tigellinus of complicity in plot against Nero, arrested at Cumae, suicides. | 65 LEWH 66 B76 14-190, CDCC 671, DGRBM 3-216, Dur 3-210, wikTgl |
| 65 | Jurist C. CASSIUS LONGIUNUS exiled to Sardinia until 69 by Nero for having an image of C. Cassius the tyrannicide. | 65 B76 II-617, CAH 10-973, GHH, OCD 212 66 DGRBM 2-803, MCAW, wikGCL |
| 65 | L. Annaeus SENECA (the Younger), implicated in conspiracy of Piso. | 65 B76 16-530, DGRBM 2-1164, wikSY |
| 65 | Centurion Sulpicius ASPER, implicated in conspiracy of Piso, executed. | 66 DGRBM 1-388 |
| 65 | L. Annaeus SENECA (the Younger) dies, age c.70. Ordered to be bled to death by Nero, opens his veins, dictates farewell letters to a secretary, takes a long and painful time to die. Corpse is burnt without the usual funeral rites. His wife from 31 Pompeia Paulina is spared by Nero, but slits her wrists anyway. Nero has them bandaged up. She lives a few more years. | 65 B76 12-966, BAA 346, BBA 352, BAH 10-729, CAH 10-915, CDCC 808, DGRBM 2-1164, 3-780, Dur 3-306, GHH, Jud 14-1158, LEWH, MCAW, OCD 970, SHWC 147, TToH, TTS, WHCC 7, wikSY |
| 65 | Son of M.J.S., L. Junius Torquatus SILANUS dies. Accused by Nero of treason and incest with aunt Junia Lepida, ordered to exile on Naxos island, but murdered in Bari before departing Italy. | 65 DGRBM 3-822, OCD 989 |
| 65 | Dau of Aemilia Lepida and M. Junius Silanus Torquatus, Junia LEPIDA dies. | 65 wikJL |
| 65 | SECRET POLICE enlarged by Nero. Prominent members include Aquilius Regulus and Eprius Marcellus. | 65 CAH 10-729 |
| 65 | Tigellinus's rapacity unbounded. | 65 GHH |
| 65 | Junius COLUMELLA writes De Re Rustica . | 65 Dur 3-319 |
| 65 | MONTHS renamed by senate. April -> Neroneus; May -> Claudius; June -> Germanicus |
65 CAH 10-733 |
| 65 | Temple to DIVUS NERO proposed by senate. Nero declines. | 65 CAH 10-501 |
| c.65 | "NERONIA" 5 year games established 60, held again. Nero acts in tragedies, playing male & female roles. | 65 CAH 10-736 |
| 65 | POPPAEA SABINA dies. 2nd wife of Nero from 62, again pregnant, killed by a kick from Nero. Deified by senate. Body is embalmed, given a state funeral, and entombed in an as yet unidentified Tomb of the Julii. | TAn 16:6 63 DGRBM 3-897 65 B76 12-965, CAH 10-735, DGRBM 2-1164, 3-687, Dur 3-281, GHH, ISBE 3-521, Jud 13-861, MCAW, OCD 729, acOt, wikNr, wikPS |
| 65 | After Poppaea dies, Nero gets a crush on a handsome boy named SPORUS, who resembles her. He castrates Sporus, dresses him like a woman, and calls him Sabina. He marries Sporus in 67. | 63 DGRBM 3-897, wikNr, wikPS |
| 65 | PLAGUE rages thruout Rome and sweeps central Italy until 79. | 65 Dur 3-311, GHH, ahcRM |
| c.65 | L. ANTISTIUS VETUS dies. Escaped from 62, caught, executed by Nero, along with mom-in-law Sextia, and dau Pollutia. | TAn 16:10, 11 65 DGRBM 3-810, 1252 |
| 65 | Banished also include: Novius Priscus, friend of Seneca, Flavius Nepos, Annius Pollio, Rufius Crispinus (to Sardinia), Musonius Rufus, Cluvidienus Quietus, Julius Agrippa, Blitius Catulinus, Petronius Priscus, Julius Altinus. | TAn 15:71 65 CAH 10, DGRBM 1-892 66 DGRBM 3-527,8 |
| 65 | Stoic Philosopher Musonius Rufus banished by Nero. He defined philosophy as inquiry into right conduct. | TAn 15:71 65 Dur 3-300 |
| c.65 | Gospel of MARK written in Greek by Mark in Italy (probably Rome) from personal statements of Peter, whom he knew, for gentile readers. The author has no theory of incarnation or appreciation for Pauline writings. | 50-65 NIV 1490 60±4 CBCNT 17, GSNT 530, NIV 1490 62 CBCNT 128 65 BNTD 12, CAH 11-259, TToH, TTPC 60-70 B76 VI-633 DDS 386, ISBE 3-254 65-67 IDB 3-268 65-69 B76 2-951 65-70 Dur 3-556, ISBE 2-536 post-70 B76 VI-697, Jud 16-948, JZ 42 60-75 JZ 3, 222 68 NIV 1047, Sco 1047 75-80 WHCC 31, 34 84 TTPC 85 TToH |
| c.65 | Gospel of Luke written, probably in Rome, possibly in Caesarea, improbably in Achaea or Ephesus. Scripture is trisected into 1. Law of Moses, 2. Prophets, 3. Psalms. | 60-70 BNTD 12 59-63 or 70-90 NIV 1532 60 CBCNT 16, 128, Sco 1075 62 GSNT 530 63-70 B76 VI-384 70-80 IDB 3-186 80 IDB 3-185 80-95 WHCC 31 pre-85 ISBE 2-536 70-90 ISBE 3-183 70-100 ODCC 844 70-115 IDB 3-312 no date: Jud 4-821 |
| Lk cannot have used Mt, nor Mt used Lk, because neither is influenced by the other's distinctive ideas, language, theology, or peculiar sources. Their only connection is Mk, which both use almost completely. | IDB 3-304 |
| Nearly nothing is known of the stages of church life from 65 to 100. | ISBE 2-535 |
| 65/6 | Bro of Seneca, L. Junius Annaeus GALLIO dies. Suicides, possibly by order of Nero. | 65 B76 IV-394, BBA 353, DGRBM 2-221, ENBD 451, wikLJG 66 CAH 10-730 |
| 66 Jan 1 | CONSULS: C. Luccius TELESINUS and C. Suetonius PAULINUS | 66 DGRBM 3-146, FHBC 85, about, wikCon |
| 66 | M. Julius VESTINUS ATTICUS dies. Betrothed to Statilia MESSALINA, is executed by Nero without accusation (let alone trial) just so Nero can have Messalina. | 66 DGRBM 2-1053 |
| 66 | NERO marries 3rd wife Statilia MESSALINA, dau of T. Statilius Taurus. She outlives him. | 66 CAH 10-733, DGRBM 2-1053, OCD 675, 729 |
| 66 | Antistius SOSIANUS exiled from 62, recalled because he accused Anteius. But is exiled again by Nero. | 66 DGRBM 3-880 |
| 66 | Gn. Julius AGRICOLA becomes pleb tribune. | 66 B76 I-144, wikAgr |
| 66 | APOLLONIUS of Tyana Greek Neopythagorean philosopher, visits Rome until later 66. | 66 DGRBM 2-1164 |
| 66 | APOLLONIUS of Tyana is accused of magic and badmouthing Nero. He is brought before Tigellinus, and so spooks him with magical powers that Apollonius is released. | 66 DGRBM 2-1164, 3-1126 |
| 66 | King of Armenia, TIRIDATES, Parthian bro of Vologases-I, and 300 nobles comes from Syria to Rome 2nd time to get throne, calls Nero his master, and says "I have come to you, my god, worshipping you as I worship Mithra". Nero confirms him as king of Armenia, gives him a gladiator show at Puteoli, and pays his traveling expenses both ways. He returns to Syria in 67. | TAn 15:1, 14 66 B76 9-845, CAH 10-734, DGRBM 2-1112, GHH, IDB 3-538, 972, LEWH, OCD 729, wikTr1 |
| 66 | P. ANTEIUS dies. Accused of treason by Antistius Socianus, condemned w/o trial, suicide. | TAn 16:14 57 DGRBM 1-183, 2-380 |
| 66 | OSTORIUS SCAPULA dies. Accused of treason by Antistius Socianus, condemned w/o trial, suicides. | TAn 16:14 |
| 66 | Anicius CEREALIS dies. Condemned by Nero, suicides. | 66 DGRBM 1-672 |
| 66 | M. Annaeus MELA dies. Rich, and complicit in the Piso conspiracy, bequeaths his wealth to his friends, and suicides. | 66 DGRBM 2-1010-1 |
| 66 | Λ GATES of the TEMPLE OF JANUS, open from ??, closed by Nero, then opened until 70. | 70 MCAW 71 GHH, LEWH |
| 66 |  Roman coin struck in 66 depicting Nero and the gates of the Temple of Janus closed. |
photo: Classical Numismatic Group |
| 66 | Glass bottles used in parts of Italy. | 66 GHH |
| 66 | Q. Junius Arulenus RUSTICUS becomes pleb tribune. | 66 DGRBM 3-680 |
| 66 | X-consul 61, P. Clodius THRASEA PAETUS, stoic with republican sympathies, impeached by Cossutianus Capito and Eprius Marcellus. | TAn 16:23,26,28 66 DGRBM 2-936 |
| 66 | Tribune Q. Arulenus RUSTICUS wants to veto condemnation of THRASEA, but Thrasea prevents him because it would have brought retribution against Rusticus. | 66 DGRBM 3-680, OCD 128 |
| 66 | THRASEA PAETUS dies. Ordered to suicide by Nero. Wife ARRIA is forbidden to die beside him, banished. Accuser Eprius Marcellus receives 5,000,000 sesterces. | TAn 16:21 65 Dur 3-300 66 DGRBM 3-1107, Dur 3-210, GHH, IDB 3-538, OCD 122, 402, fyf |
| 66 | Stoic philosopher C. Musonius RUFUS, charged with knowing of Piso conspiracy, banished to Gyaros island in Aegean. | 66 DGRBM 3-676 |
| 66 | Q. M. BAREA SORANUS dies. He and dau Servilia are accused by Ostorius Sabinus, because of friendship with Rubellius Plautius, and alleged plotting in Asia. Soranus is condemned on false evidence by Egnatius Celer, executed. Sabinus is rewarded with quaestorship and money by Nero. | TAn 16:21 65 HRRP 4.2-541 66 DGRBM 1-463, 3-691, 793, OCD 161 |
| 66 | Helvidius PRISCUS, husband of Fannia, dau of Thrasea & Arria, banished from Italy for republicanism, retires with wife Fannia to Apollonia Macedonia until 68. | TAn 16:21 66 DGRBM 3-527, GHH, OCD 1066 |
| 66 | APOLLONIUS of Tyana Greek Neopythagorean philosopher, in Rome from 66, expelled, goes to Gades, Spain. | 66 gtbAT |
| c.66 | Apostle LUKE martyred in Rome. | 66 B76 11-177 |
| in Bithynia, or possibly Boeotia | IDB 3-180 |
| 66 | Dau of Claudius & Aelia Paetina, CLAUDIA ANTONIA dies. Wid of Faustus Sulla from 62, refuses a marriage offer by Nero, charged with attempted rebellion, executed. | 66 DGRBM 1-210, OCD 245, wikCA |
| 66 fall | Egyptian GRAIN shipments diverted from Italy to legions in Palestine. Causes shortage and discontent in Rome. | 66 CAH 10-738 |
| 66 Sep | NERO leaves Rome under freedmen, among whom is Helius, who acts as prefect. Nero sails from Italy to Greece, tours Greece until 68. "The Greeks are the only ones who have an ear for music." He is accompanied by T. Flavius Vespasian and several thousand Augustiani and praetorians under Tigellinus. | 66 B76 12-966, 19-95, CAH 10-735, Dur 3-282, IDB 4-782, ISBE 3-522, MCAW, britVs 67 DGRBM 2-377, IDB 3-538, LEWH, wikTgl |
| 66±2 | PETER crucified upside down in Rome. | 64 B76 14-153, CBCNT 53, 132, Dur 3-552, FHBC 305, IDB 3-768, MCAW, ODP 5, Qlb 60, gnwd 64-7 GSNT 128 64-8 CBCNT 119, Schaff 66 GHH 67 FHBC 388 TToH 67/8 FHBC 374 |
| ...according to: Ignatius of Antioch, Dionysius of Corinth, Irenaeus of Lyons, Caius of Rome, Clement of Alexandria, Origen, Hippolytus, Tertullian, Lactantius, Eusebius, Jerome |
| 66±2 | LINUS, succeeds Peter as bishop of Rome until 78. | 64 IDB 3-136 65 Dur 3-552 66 GHH, ODP 6 67 DDS 361 68 TToH |
| 67 Jan 1 | CONSULS: L. Fonteius CAPITO and L. Julius RUFUS | 67 DGRBM 1-602, 3-674, FHBC 85, about, wikCon |
| 67 | Curtius MONTANUS accused by Eprius Marcellus of libelling Nero. Charge is disproved, but Montanus is exiled until ?. | 67 DGRBM 2-1113 |
| 67 | Freedman HELIUS, a temporary prefect of Rome, feels trouble brewing, messages Nero in Greece, asks him to return. Nero vascillates. Helius leaves other freedmen in charge, and sails to Corinth. | 67 CAH 10-738 |
| c.67 | PLINY the Elder appointed procurator in Spain until 72. | pre death of Nero DGRBM 3-414 |
| c.67 | Christian physician URSICINUS dies. Converts patients to Cty at Ravenna, tortured and killed by order of C. Suetonius Paulinus. | 67 DGRBM 3-1285 |
| 67/8 | Claudius CIVILIS, ruler of the Batavii, falsely charged with treason by Fonteius Capito, and sent in chains to Rome. | 67/8 DGRBM 1-758, wikRob |
| 68 Jan 1 | CONSULS: P. Galerius TRACHALA and Ti. Catius Asconius SILIUS ITALICUS suffete: M. Plautius Silvanus | 68 DGRBM 2-1165, 3-824, 826, 1166, FHBC 85, about, wikCon |
| 68 | Claudius CIVILIS, ruler of the Batavii, charged with treason by Galba. Acquitted. | 67/8 DGRBM 1-758 |
| 68 | Gn. Julius AGRICOLA becomes praetor. | 68 B76 I-144, wikAgr |
| 68 | Legion I Adiutrix "Rescuer" founded. Emblem: capricorn, used along with Pegasus. | 68 wikIAdt |
| 68 | NERO, in Greece from 66, having accumulated 1808 prizes, returns to Rome. | 67 DGRBM 2-1165, Dur 3-283 68 CAH 10, IDB 3-538, ISBE 3-522, LEWH, MCAW |
| 68 | NERO learns of Vindex revolt in Gaul, says, "I have only to appear and sing to have peace once more in Gaul". | 68 B76 12-966 |
| 68 Apr 2 | Servius Sulpicius GALBA, governor of Hispania Taraconensis 60-68 joins Vindex' revolt. | 68 B76 IV-384, 17-404, CAH 10-739, Dur 3-210, GHH, HRRP 4.2-550, 559, IDB 3-538, OCD 454 |
| 68 Apr | News arrives in Rome that Galba had revolted, and is marching toward Rome. | 68 Dur 3-183 |
| 68 | C. Ofonius TIGELLINUS, praetorian co-prefect from 62, either pressed into resigning by co-prefect Sabinus, or he so disgusts the praetorians that they kick him out, though Nero still likes him. Colleague Sabinus cintinues 65-68. | 68 B76 IX-1004, DGRBM 3-1126, wikPP, wikNS, wikTgl |
| c.68 | L. Verginius RUFUS legate of Upper Germany from 67, accompanies Galba to Italy. | 68 CAH 10, DGRBM 3-677 |
| 68 | M. Fabius QUINTILLIAN, in Spain from ?, returns to Rome as part of the retinue of Galba. | 68 wikQnt |
| 68 | Ofonius TIGELLINUS defects from Nero to Galba. | 68 wikTgl |
| 68 | PRAETORIAN GUARD under prefect C. Nymphidius Sabinus learns that the Spanish legions had proclaimed Servius Sulpicius GALBA emperor. They promise to join him for the right price. Senate learns of it, declares Galba emperor, and sentences Nero to death. | 68 CAH 10-740, Dur 3-183, LEWH, MCAW, TTPC, wikGl, wikNr, wikNS |
| 68 Jun | NERO orders a fleet prepared to get him to safety (probably Egypt). | 68 CAH 10-740, wikNr |
| 68 Jun 8 | Praetorian prefect C. Nymphidius SABINUS, accompanied by senators, go to praetorian barrack, tell praetorians Nero fled to Egypt, promises them 30,000 sesterces each for loyalty to Galba. Officers refuse to follow Nero, and desert soon after midnight. | 68 CAH 10-740, wikGl |
| 68 Jun | NERO puts some poison in a box, flees from his golden house, asks members of the Guard to help him. They refuse. He goes to the Servilian Gardens on the road to Ostia, sends messages to friends to help him. None reply. Freedman Phaon offers to hide Nero in his villa on Via Sallaria. Nero hides in Phaon's cellar. | 68 B76 12-966, CAH 10-740, DGRBM 3-238, Dur 3-183 |
| 68 Jun | Phaon informs Nero that the senate declared him a public enemy, punishment for which is beating to death. Nero tries to stab himself, but finds the dagger distressingly sharp, exclaims, "What an artist dies in me!". Senatorial soldiers appear outside. Nero begs his associates to not let them mutilate his body. | 68 Dur 3-283-4 |
| 68 Jun | Princeps from 54, NERO dies, age 30, June 9 or 11, at house of Phaon. He stabs himself in the neck, but botches it. Freedman Epaphroditus guides the blade in. With Nero the house of Caesar expires. Galba's soldiers refrain from mutilating Nero's body. His nurses and former mistress Acte bury it in the vaults of the Domitii. Many Romans rejoice, but the majority mourn, because he had been generous to the poor. | 68 Jun Dur 3-284, GHH, HRRP 4.2-557, IDB 3-538, ISBE 2-697, 3-521, LEWH, MCAW, TTPC, fyf 68 B76 15-1112, BAA, CAH 10-740-1, CDCC 611, DGRBM 2-1162, 3-238, GSNT, Jud 12-964, OCD 740, SHWC 131, TToH, wikNr |
Italy 68-69
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