Concept Clarifier

for philosophically relevant concepts only

Dictionaries tell us how terms are used, whether they are used correctly or not. Dictionaries don't tell us how to identify the concepts (often eternal concepts) labeled by those terms. Nor do they tell us how those concepts interrelate. This "clarifier" attempts to do that. Instead of saying, "Here's what this term means," we're saying, "Here is one single concept this term has labeled, but we're not going to confuse it with other concepts this term has labeled, and we're not going to confuse this term with other terms that have labeled this concept." If a term labels multiple concepts, those concepts are numbered. Not all concepts can be stated with perfect clarity due to language limitations. But all concepts can be stated with maximum clarity, which is attempted here. This is a step toward an integrated system of mutually compatible concept identifiers. Currently it's a work in progress. Once stabilized and completed, it will hold the infrastructure for all philosophical inquiry in English, and can be used as a standard against which all conflicting definitions are seen as non-systematic.
This should have been done centuries ago by philosophers whose shoulders we should now be standing on.

BLUE: terms links to terms links to outside references
RED italic: abbreviations of philosophical terms: abs. - absolute rel. - relative obj. - objective sbj. - subjective ont. - ontological epis. - epistemological axi. - axiological pop. - popular definition p.b.c. - properly basic concept
GREEN italic: common dictionary abbreviations cross referencing notes
BROWN: examples

abduct	1. (v.t.) to take something away from where it belongs 2. (v.i.) to move away from center (ant. adduct) A. (v.t.) to take, push, or pull away from center

abduction	(n.) 1. taking something away from where it belongs 2. moving away from center (ant. adduction) A. taking, pushing, or pulling away from center 3. a syllogism whose major premise is certain but whose minor premise is only probable

ability	(n.) p.b.c. (contrast to energy , power₁ , strength) a necessary₂ attribute of something that can do something

able	(adj.) p.b.c. having what it takes to do something

about	(adv. prep.) 1. abstractly₁ connected to (see relate₂ ) 2. near to something (see around₂) A. approximately

above	(adv. adj.) (opposite below) (see up) rel. always relative to a person judging direction 1. farther than something else from a point which is considered lowest 2. farther than something else from the center of the Earth

absence	(n.) not existing 1. rel. not existing in a particular place

absent	(adj.) (ant. present₁) not existing 1. rel. not existing in a particular place

absolute	(compare to objective) (see moral absolutism , truth , values) 1. (adj.) seen without reference to anything else (opposite: relative) 2. (adj.) not dependent on, or limited by anything outside itself (opposite: contingent₁ ) 3. (adj.) whole or complete₁ (ant. partial) 4. (adj.) beyond which nothing is possible (see ultimate_1B ) 5. (n.) a thing that is absolute_1,2,3,4

abstract	1. (adj.) existing independently of concrete₁ space/time A. (n.) something abstract₁ e.g. logic, mathematics, propositions, relations 2. (adj.) an unchanging property₂ of nature₁ existing in various and changing instantiations of it (which is concrete₄ by contrast) (syn. universal_1Bii ) A. (n.) something abstract₂ e.g. beauty, color

abstract	(v.t.) to reduce information 1. to retain only that which is relevant for a particular purpose 2. to a generality e.g. Joy reduces to an emotion.

accept	(v.t.) (ant. reject) 1. to take₁ or receive₁ what is offered A. willingly B. favorably 2. to agree to: A. terms presented B. the truth of a proposition

accident	(n.) (contrast to chance) 1. an unexpected event interrupting a series of expected events 2. an unnecessary_1B attribute of something A. which it might not have had B. without which it would still be what it is (contrast to essence_2A ) 3. something not intended

accidental	(adj.) (compare to random) 1. unexpected 2. of attributes: unnecessary_1B 3. not intended or deliberate₁

accomplish	(v.t.) to complete₂ a task (syn. achieve₁ )

accord	(n.) (denotatively synonymous with accordance) (see conformity , consistency) agreement, metaphorical harmony

accuracy	(n.) (see precision) 1. the fact of being without error 2. (incorrectly) proximity to accuracy₁

accurate	(adj.) (see exact , precise) without error

accusation	(n.) 1. the fact of accusing 2. the content of accusation₁ If I say, "You did X," that's an accusation. If I say, "I think you did X," that's not an accusation. It says something about me, but nothing about you.

accuse	(v.t.) to say someone did, or is doing, something 1. to say someone did, or is doing, something blameworthy A. to bring charges against

accute	(adj.) (see obtuse) of angles: between zero and 90 degrees 1. sharp

achieve	(v.t.) (syn. accomplish) 1. to complete₂ a task 2. to reach a goal (syn. succeed₂ )

acknowledge	(v.t.) (contrast to recognize ) 1. to affirm to be true or as stated A. to affirm the claims of someone 2. to affirm something having happened A. to affirm having received something

acquire	(v.t.) (syn. get ) 1. (act.) to come to a state of having (see gather , possess , take) A. actively: by means of effort e.g. to acquire knowledge B. passively: without effort e.g. to acquire an inheritance 2. (pass.) to come to a state of being had A. actively: by means of effort e.g. to acquire a taste, a habit, a reputation B. passively: without effort e.g. to acquire an illness

act	p.b.c. (superset of react) 1. (v.i.) to do something (superset of behave) A. voluntarily (see proceed) i. to pretend B. involuntarily 2. (n.) something done (syn. action) A. voluntarily (see willful) B. involuntarily

action	(n.) (syn. act₂ ) (superset of reaction) something done 1. voluntarily (superset of procedure) (see willful) 2. involuntarily

active	(adj.) 1. acting or changing₁ 2. able to act or change₁ 3. causing action or change₃ 4. characterized by much action or change₃ 5. the voice of a verb whose subject does the action of the verb (ant. passive₃ )

activity	(n.) 1. acting or changing₁ 2. a specific action or pursuit

actual	(adj.) (syn. existing , real₁ ) a p.b.c. understandable only in contrast to supposed antonyms: 1. existing as opposed to apparent₂ 2. existing as opposed to imaginary_1A A. existing as opposed to fictitious i. existing as opposed to hypothetical 3. existing as opposed to possible 4. existing as opposed to potential

ad hoc	(adj.) lit. "to this," for this specific purpose

ad hoc hypothesis	(n.) a hypothesis introduced in order to: 1. explain away facts that seem to refute a weak but favored theory 2. complicate the issue when available evidence points to an unfavorable conclusion

add	(v.) (opposite: subtract) to increase an amount 1. to combine so as to increase

adduce	(v.t.) (syn. cite) to mention something as an example, evidence, explanation, or proof

adduct	1. (v.i.) (ant. abduct) to move toward center A. (v.t.) to take, push, or pull toward center

adduction	(n.) 1. moving toward center (ant. abduction) A. taking, pushing, or pulling toward center 2. the position of a part resulting from adducting

adhere	(v.i.) to attach 1. by means of many small or microscopic fasteners e.g. velcro, glue 2. abstractly e.g. Joe adheres to his political party.

adherence	(n.) attachment 1. by means of many small or microscopic fasteners e.g. by velcro or glue 2. abstract attachment e.g. adherence to a political party

adjacent	(adj.) (subset of beside₁ ) by the side of not necessarily touching, but not separated by other things of the same kind

adjust	(v.t.) to alter so as to make as desired

administer	(v.t.) 1. to manage , conduct , direct people 2. to dispense in measured amounts to specific recipients e.g. to administer rewards or punishments to administer medication

admiration	(n.) 1. thinking that something is good (see approval) A. esthetically B. ethically 2. thinking that something is superior₂

admire	(v.t.) 1. to think that something is good (see approve) A. esthetically B. ethically 2. to think that something is superior₂

admit	(v.t.) (see acknowledge) 1. to allow to enter 2. to affirm the truth of something stated or implied about the admitter

adversary	(n.) (superset of enemy , opponent) a sentient being who opposes

adverse	(adj.) 1. of sentient beings: opposed in will or desire (syn. contrary₃ ) A. for something to be true B. for something to happen 2. unfavorable A. harmful

advice	(n.) that which is advised

advise	(v.t.) (see prescribe₂ ) (contrast to order₁ ) to tell someone what he should do

aesthetic	Who needs this dippy spelling? Go here. esthetic

affect	(v.t.) (contrast to effect , influence) to cause an effect₁ When you affect something, you have an effect on it. Unfortunately affect is sometimes used as a noun and effect as a verb, which screws everything up.

affirm	(v.t.) (see acknowledge , admit , confirm) to say positively 1. to say something is true (syn. assert) (ant. deny) 2. to say yes

a fortiori	(adj. and adv.) 1. "all the more" 2. (specifically of arguments) that which must be admitted for an even stronger reason e.g. If A has attribute X, then B has more attribute X. or If A has attribute X, then B more certainly has attribute X.

after	(adv. prep.) 1. behind something else This + behind constitute a p.b.c. (opposite: before₁ ) A. in time (syn. following) B. in place C. in order 2. in search of

again	(adv.) 1. another time, once more e.g. Let's do it again. 2. back into a former condition e.g. We left and returned again. 3. in addition (see besides) e.g. as much again A. furthermore e.g. A, and again, B.

against	(prep.) p.b.c. a relationship of two things seen together 1. facing each other A. across a given midpoint (see opposite) 2. in contrast with each other 3. opposing each other A. conflicting with each other 4. touching each other

agglutinate	1. (v.) to adhere together 2. (adj.) adhered together

agnostic

1. (adj.) without knowledge
A. not knowing anything
B. not knowing any objective truth

i. not knowing knowing a particular objective truth

2. (n.) a person without knowledge (contrast to skeptic)
A. a person who doesn't know anything (a theoretical category with no members)

B. a person who doesn't know if objective truth is knowable

i. a person who doesn't know if a particular objective truth is knowable
Within this category:

A "hard" agnostic says no one knows something is knowable, and it is impossible to know it.

A "soft" agnostic says he does not know if something is knowable, but someone may, and it might be possible to know it.

A. and who wants to know it (worth talking to)
B. but doesn't want to know it (a total waste of time)

A soft agnostic is the only pure agnostic, because a hard agnostic claims to know something isn't known.

2Bi includes theological agnostics who don't know if God exists (contrast to atheist)
Theological agnostic requires a further definition of God.

agree	(v.i.) (contrast to conform) 1. to be or become of the same opinion 2. to pretend to be of the same opinion 3. to say you're of the same opinion even when it's obvious that you're not 4. to say you will do something requested or commanded (syn. consent to) (subset of promise₁ )

agreement	(n.) (contrast to conformity) 1. being in a state of agreeing₁ (syn. unity₃ ) 2. being in a state of agreeing₄ (syn. contract₁ ) A. the terms of that state of agreeing i. those terms written down

algorithm

(n.) a finite sequence of precise steps:

1. that produces a result (procedural algorithm)
A. that always produces the same result (deterministic algorithm)
B. that produces a probable result (probabilistic algorithm)

2. that leads to a conclusion (logical algorithm)
A. that always leads to the same conclusion (deterministic algorithm)
B. that leads to a probable conclusion (probabilistic algorithm)

all

p.b.c. The terms that might be used to define it are themselves defined by it: entire , every , total , whole
1. (adj.) the totality of some concept

e.g. all England, all time, all sincerity, all whatever

A. the total number of elements of a set

e.g. all cats, all white cats, all white cats in Egypt

2. (pron.) every person in a set

e.g. All were invited. A good time was had by all.

3. (adv.) entirely, totally, wholly

e.g. We're all worn out, and all done.

allege	(v.t.) (syn. affirm) (ant. deny) (subset of assert) to say something is true without proof

allegiance	(n.) (see loyalty) devotion_1C to a ruler or governing principle

allegory	(n.) (see parable) a fictitious story in which the literal meaning illustrates the intended meaning

allow	(v.t.) This + consent₂ to, let, and permit are synonyms, each defining the others, thus constituting a p.b.c.

alter	(syn. change₂ ) 1. (v.i.) to change deliberately 2. (v.t.) to change something deliberately

alternate	1. (adj.) becoming other, then returning repeatedly e.g. of the form: A - B - A - B... etc. 2. (v.i.) to become other, then to return repeatedly 3. (n.) one member of a pair of alternating₂ things

alternative	1. (adj.) offering choice₁ 2. (adj.) imposing choice₂ 3. (n.) a choice₃

ambiguity	epis. (n.) 1. possibly being one of two or more things 2. having more than one possible meaning

ambiguous	epis. (adj.) (contrast to vague) 1. possibly being one of two or more things 2. having more than one possible meaning

among	(prep.) (see between) with several of some things 1. surround by 2. included with 3. in the company of

amount	(n.) (see magnitude) 1. the sum of a quantity of units A. the sum of a quantity of numbers 2. a non-specific quantity or size

anagenesis

(n.) (ant. cladogenesis)
evolution of one entire group of things into a distinctly other group such that no branching occurs and the ancestral group is extinct

1. biological: evolution of one species into another such that no branching occurs and the ancestral species is extinct

2. sociological: evolution of a culture into a distinctly other culture such that no branching occurs and the original culture is extinct

analysis	(n.) 1. separation of a whole into its parts (opposite: synthesis) A. in order to discover new facts about the parts and the whole B. a statement of the results of analysis_1A 2. looking at or into carefully (syn. examination) A. in order to discover new facts

analytic	(adj.) separated into parts (opposite: synthetic₁ )

analytic statement	(n.) (opposite: synthetic statement) one relating a subject concept to a predicate concept which is denotatively indistinguishable from the subject concept i.e. The statement separates a subject into a subject and predicate, thus saying nothing but a tautology.

analyze	(v.t.) 1. to separate a whole into its parts A. in order to discover new facts about the parts and the whole 2. to look at or into carefully (syn. examine) A. in order to discover new facts

anger	(v.i. and n.) (denotatively synonymous with hate) (superset of rage) Connotatively, anger is less intense than hate. That's the only difference.

angle	(n.) of two straight lines that meet 1. the shape formed by them 2. the amount of difference in direction between them, measured in degrees types: accute , right₄ , obtuse

animal	(n.) a living organism that can move by its own choice₁

animism	(n.) the world view that all things, animate or inanimate, have soul/spirits. (contrast to supernaturalism)

annoy	(v.t.) to cause displeasure This is denotatively synonymous with torture. The only differences are connotative. Connotatively the main difference is in degree of displeasure, but any attempt to draw a line between these concepts will prove arbitrary.

answer	1. (v.t.) to reply to a question 2. (n.) a reply to a question

antecedent	1. (adj.) prior to something else A. logically prior B. temporally prior 2. (n.) the term that states the prior condition of any conditional statement e.g. If (antecedent) then (consequent), or (Consequent) if (antecedent) or (Consequent) unless (antecedent)

anthropic principle	(n.) the principle₂ that we would not be here to observe natural₂ phenomena if they were not compatible with our existence - the point being that its rather silly to marvel at the improbability of natural phenomena creating us

anticipate	(v.t.) (contrast to expect) to act as though a certain event will happen

antinomy	(n.) a pair of equally defensible yet contradictory conclusions

anti-realism	(n.) (superset of conceptualism and nominalism) the theory that: 1. real objects don't exist, have properties₂ or relationships independently of some knowledge or experience of them (opposite: realism₁ ) 2. universals_1Bii don't exist external to minds. (opposite: realism₂ )

antonym	(n.) Given a particular word, an antonym has some kind of reverse meaning, but not necessarily a true opposite.

apathy	(n.) (syn. indifference) not caring, usually about some particular thing

apologetics	(n.) defense of the truth of a position₃ , usually of a world view

a posteriori	(adj.) (ant. a priori) 1. after and/or dependent on experience e.g. a judgment, principle₂ , or argument based on experience 2. inductive reasoning from particular instances to general principles, or from effect to cause

apparent	(adj.) 1. easily perceived₁ by one of the senses (syn. evident) e.g. visible 2. appearing_2A to be actual or true or a particular way, but not necessarily being so

appear	(v.i.) 1. to become perceived₁ by one of the senses, usually sight 2. to become understood A. to be thought to be some way without necessarily being that way

appearance	(n.) 1. being perceived₁ by one of the senses, usually sight 2. the way something appears₁ to one of the senses, usually sight A. the way something is thought to be

appoint	(v.t.) to select for a particular purpose

approach	(see attract) 1. (v.t.) to come or go nearer₁ to that which is approached 2. (n.) the fact of approaching₁ 3. (n.) a way to approach₁

appropriate	1. (v.t.) to take or set aside A. for one's own use B. for a specific purpose 2. (adj.) regarded as the way something should_2B be

approval	(n.) 1. thinking something to be good or satisfactory (see admiration) 2. thinking favorably about something proposed A. officially granting the proposal

approve	(v.t.) 1. to think something good or satisfactory (see admire) 2. to think favorably about something proposed (syn. consent₁ to) A. to officially grant the proposal (syn. confirm_2A )

approximate	1. (adj.) (see about , around , similar) near to something A. in quantity B. in a particular quality 2. (v.t.) to be or become approximate₁

a priori	(adj.) (ant. a posteriori) 1. based on reason alone prior to and/or independent of experience e.g. a judgment, principle₂ , or argument based on reason alone prior to and/or independent of experience 2. deductive reasoning from general principles to particular instances, cause to effect

arbiter	(n.) (syn. judge₅ ) a sentient being who judges₂

arbitrary	(adj.) (compare to random) chosen by the will of a chooser 1. as opposed to an absolute standard 2. as opposed to an objective standard

arbitrate	(v.t.) 1. to judge₂ a dispute 2. to submit a dispute to a judge₅

arc	(n.) (part of a circle) an unclosed line of points existing on plane and equidistant from another point on that plane

area	(n.) (superset of region) (see plane) 1. a part of a surface 2. that which is within a given closed boundary or between given boundaries

argue	(v.i.) 1. to present reasons for or against the truth of a proposition 2. to verbally disagree

argument	(n.) 1. a sequence of propositions such that the former (premises) give reason to accept the latter (conclusion) (types: valid and invalid , deductive and inductive) 2. a verbal disagreement

arithmetic	(n.) (subset of mathematics) the rules for combining rational numbers logically.

Arminianism	(n.) (contrast to Calvinism) a subphilosophy (but not sect) of Protestantism, now little more than a straw man opponent of Calvinism conditional predestination: i.e. God has predestined Himself to save those who voluntarily choose to repent & believe in Jesus.

around	(adv. prep.) 1. in circular form 2. near to something (see about) A. approximate 3. on the outside of something

arrange	(v.t.) 1. to put things in desired positions and locations (syn. order₂ ) 2. to try to cause events to happen as desired A. and succeed

arrangement	(n.) (see configuration , structure) 1. the way things are positioned₄ in a particular group e.g. accidental/deliberate , scattered/together, loose/tight , orderly/disorderly Any kind may or may not show evidence of design or pattern. 2. the result of having been arranged

artificial	(adj.) (ant. genuine) 1. made by human effort (similar to synthetic₁ ) 2. made to immitate something else (similar to counterfeit , fake) A. made to immitate something natural

aside	(adv.) 1. on or to one side (see beside) 2. out of the way (see away)

ask	(v.t.) (syn. request) (see question) to express a desire for someone to do something

assent	(compare to consent) 1. (v.) to accept a proposition as true A. without knowing it B. without evidence 2. (n.) the mental act of assent₁

assert	(v.t.) (syn. affirm) (ant. deny) (superset of allege) to say something is true

assertion	(v.t.) a statement that something is true

assign	(v.t.) to connect a specific abstract to something 1. a specific attribute to something 2. a specific purpose to something

associate	1. (v.t.) (syn. relate) to abstractly connect A. of persons: to come into the presence of 2. (adj.) associated₁ 3. (n.) a person associated₁

association	(n.) 1. an abstract connection A. of persons: coming into the presence of 2. a group of persons created for a purpose

assume	(v.t.) 1. to take something abstract A. to take a proposition to be true (superset of know) i. without verification (syn. believe₁ ) ii. without justification (syn. presume) B. to take on something abstract e.g. a right, responsibility, role, title, form, pretense 2. to receive something abstract

assumption	(n.) 1. taking something abstract A. taking a proposition to be true (superset of knowledge) i. without verification (syn. belief₁ ) ii. without justification (syn. presumption) B. taking on something abstract e.g. a right, responsibility, role, title, form, pretense 2. receiving something abstract

at	(prep.) p.b.c. Basic prepositions like this are somehow understood by the brute assumption of understanding them.

atheism	(n.) (opposite: theism) 1. the doctrine that (gods or) God does not exist 2. pop. the doctrine that (gods or) God is irrelevant to human life The above definitions require a further definition of god or God.

atheist

(n.) (opposite: theist)

1. a person who says that God does not exist

2. pop. a person who says that God is irrelevant to human life

3. pop. a person who "doesn't profess a belief in a God"
(a popular but inaccurate definition held by agnostics who want to be called atheists₁ , but are smart enough to know they can't show that God doesn't exist)

The above definitions require a further definition of god or God.

atone	(v.i.) 1. to return to amiability with an offended party A. by means of compensation 2. to accept or seek punishment for crimes

atonement	(n.) 1. returning to amiability with an offended party A. by means of compensation 2. accepting or seeking punishment for crimes

attach	(syn. fasten) (see adhere) 1. (v.i.) to connect and be unable to disconnect except by detaching (see bind , hold) A. abstractly e.g. to be attached emotionally 2. (v.t.) to cause to attach₁

attachment	(n.) (see adherence) connection and inability to disconnect except by detaching 1. abstractly e.g. emotional attachment

attack	(v.t.) (ant. defend) 1. to harm 2. to try to harm A. to initiate an attempt to harm

attempt	(v.t.) (syn. try₁ ) (see effort) to do what must be done in order to achieve a goal

attend	(v.t.) to be present at

attend to	(v.t.) 1. to look to (compare to observe₁ ) A. to look to and care_2A for 2. to act with respect_1B for (see observe₂ )

attention	(n.) (see regard) observation₁ of something and care_1A for it

attitude

(n.)
1.  originally the angle of something relative to the ground  
(subset of position1 )
The definition was then expanded to describe:
2.  body language

It was then expanded to praise or criticize a person's facade while pretending to praise or criticize the actual person (and sometimes the reverse).  Now people often use this term to justify pretense. (e.g.  a "good attitude")  The word itself confuses appearance and reality.  "Attitude" is used to describe both.
3.  one's true emotions or opinions  (consciously expressed or not)
4.  outward expression of emotions/opinions
A.  outward expression of one's true emotions/opinions
i.  expressed consciously
ii.  expressed unconsciously
B.  outward expression of faked emotions/opinions
i.  expressed consciously
ii.  expressed unconsciously

attract	(v.t.) 1. to cause something to approach 2. to cause something to want to approach

attribute	(n.) denotatively indistinguishable from: aspect, characteristic, feature, quality₁ , property₂ , trait These terms cannot be defined except by reference to each other, or in general as something "had" by a substance. (syn. property₂ ) e.g. blackness and roundness as attributes of a handball

attribute	(v.t.) to assign to, or think of as belonging to, produced by, or resulting from e.g. to attribute honesty or intelligence to one's child

audience	(n.) (see communicate) persons to whom information is transmitted

augment	1. (v.t.) to make something greater A. by being added to it 2. (n.) something that makes something greater A. by being added to it

authentic	(adj.) 1. confirmed₁ by authority (see genuine₂ ) 2. trustworthy, reliable

authority	(n.) (see command , influence) 1. power A. to enforce obedience B. to be thought correct or reliable 2. a right₂ A. to be obeyed B. to be thought correct or reliable 3. an entity that has authority_1,2 4. an entity to which authority_1,2 is granted

authorize	(v.t.) 1. to officially permit someone to do something A. without interference 2. to give someone: A. power to enforce obedience concerning a particular matter B. a right₂ to be obeyed concerning a particular matter

automatic	(adj.) 1. happening without being caused by a will 2. done without conscious volition (see spontaneous)

automatically	(adv.) 1. without being caused by a will 2. without conscious volition (see spontaneously)

average	(adj. and n.) a measure of central tendency among a set of values₂ types: 1. mean₃: the sum of the values divided by the number of values 2. median: the value at the midpoint in the set of values 3. mode₃: the most frequent value in the set (As adj. see normal₂ , ordinary₁ , standard₃ )

avert	(v.t.) (compare to prevent) to avoid an unpleasant future event 1. by deflecting it 2. by sidestepping it

avoid	(v.t.) (compare to avert , prevent) 1. to make void 2. to get away from (syn. escape) A. to stay away from

aware	(adj.) (syn. conscious) (see sentient) experiencing thoughts , sense perceptions, and emotions. Sense perceptions are not experienced while dreaming.

awareness	(n.) (syn. consciousness , perception₁ ) a sense of presence prior to thought , sense perceptions, and emotion the state in which a self experiences thoughts, sense perceptions, and emotions Sense perceptions are not experienced while dreaming.

away	(see aside) 1. (adv.) from something A. in location B. in direction 2. (adj.) not present

axiology	(n.) (part of philosophy) (sibling set of epistemology and ontology) the theory or study of values , usually divided into two parts: esthetics and ethics.

axiom	(n.) (contrast to dogma) (compare to law_2A ) 1. a basic principle₂ that cannot be deduced from other principles but is the starting point from which other statements are derived or deduced. 2. a dogmatic statement which must be assumed true if the universe is rational and coherent.

back	1. (n.) (opposite: front₁ ) the side of a two sided object that is: A. less active or functional B. farther from the viewer 2. (adj.) at the back₁ side: (opposite: front₂ ) A. at the less active or functional side B. at the side farther from the viewer 3. (adv.) to or toward the back₁: A. to or toward the less active or functional side B. to or toward the side farther from the viewer

bad	(adj.) (see pleasure / displeasure) one of the two primary values (opposite: good) commonly divided into esthetic bad (unpleasant) and ethical bad (evil) 1. rel. disliked, unpleasant, not accepted 2. abs. not accepted by, disliked by, unpleasant to the Supreme Being I dare you to come up with a more workable definition.

balance	1. (n.) of two or more things: equality in some attribute A. equal distribution B. equality of opposing forces 2. (n.) (see stability) not changing when change is likely to happen e.g. not falling over when falling is likely 3. (v.t.) to cause balance_1,2

base	1. (n.) the part of something that supports the rest of it A. by gravity (syn. foundation) e.g. the base of a column B. by attachment e.g. the base of a tree branch 2. (n.) a stable place in unstable surroundings e.g. a military base 3. (adj.) abstractly low A. low audio frequency e.g. base drum B. dishonorable

be	p.b.c. (v.i.) There's no point in trying to define it. We all must assume we know what it means.

beauty	(n.) (see esthetic) whatever please one or more of the senses Though conventionally reserved for visual, audio, and olfactory senses.

because	(conj.) (opposite: therefore) for the following reason e.g. ont. An effect happens because a cause happened. epis. I know X is true because I know Y is true.

become	(v.i.) to change from not existing to existing

before	(adv. prep.) 1. in front of something else (opposite: after₁ , behind) A. in time (syn. previously) B. in place C. in order 2. not yet A. not yet reached B. not yet accomplished e.g. Our task is before us.

begin	(syn. start) 1. (v.i.) to change from not happening to happening 2. (v.t.) to cause to begin₁

behave	(v.i.) to do something in a particular manner (subset of act) 1. as expected or not expected 2. as desired or not desired

behavior	(n.) way of acting (syn. conduct , manner , mode_2A )

behind	(adv. prep.) This + after₁ constitute a p.b.c. after something else (opposite: before₁ ) A. in time (syn. following) B. in place C. in order

being	1. (n.) a thing that can be identified as a distinct part of the whole of reality A. an existing thing or object, material₁ or immaterial (syn. entity) B. that universal_1B2 unchanging quality₁ in which all existing things participate 2. (part. of be) existing A. and not changing (in contrast with becoming)

belief

(n.) (see essay)

1. a probability₂ judgment short of certainty₂ (syn. opinion)
(denotatively indistinguishable from faith_1A )

2. a willful decision to act as though a particular proposition or position₃ is true or probable (syn. trust₂ )
(denotatively indistinguishable from faith_2A )

A. a willful decision to claim to think something is true or probable₂ in order to get the benefits of the claim

3. that position₃ referred to in 2

believe	(v.) 1. to think₂ a particular proposition or position₃ is true or probable₂ (syn. opine₁ ) 2. to willfully choose to act as though a particular proposition or position is true or probable (syn. to trust₁ ) A. to claim to think something is true or probable₂ in order to get the benfits of the claim

below	(adv. adj.) (opposite above) (see down) rel. always relative to a person judging direction 1. closer than something else to a point which is considered lowest 2. closer than something else to the center of the Earth

bend	1. (v.i.) to change from straight to not straight without breaking (see flex) A. to become curved B. to become crooked 2. (v.t.) to change something from straight to not straight without breaking it A. to make curved B. to make crooked 3. (n.) a place where bending_1,2 occurs

beneficent	(adj.) producing improved condition

benefit	1. (v.t.) to improve condition 2. (n.) improvement of condition

beside	(prep.) (syn. next to) 1. by the side of (see aside) 2. in addition to 3. other than 4. in comparison to e.g. Joe looks fat beside Bob.

besides	(adv.) 1. in addition (see again) 2. except for what was mentioned 3. moreover, furthermore

best	(adj.) (superlative of good , better) sbj. most good

bet	(see risk) 1. (v.i.) to invest₂ resources on the chance that a given proposition is true 2. (n.) an investment on the chance that a given proposition is true

better	(adj.) (comparative of good) (superlative: best) sbj. more good

between

(prep.) (see among)

1. in what separates two things
A. in the space that separates two objects e.g. between your ears
B. in the time that separates two moments e.g. between 4:00 and 4:30

i. in the time that separates two events e.g. between world wars

C. in the interval that separates two abstractions

e.g. between red and blue , a rock and a hard place , alternatives

2. in what connects two things e.g. between friends
3. in common e.g. ten dollars between them

beyond	1. (prep.) on the far side A. greater than i. farther than 2. (adv.) to the far side

Bible

(n.)
1. the set of 39 books from Genesis through Malachi (Torah)

2. #1 plus the 27 books of from Matthew through Revelation (Protestant Bible)

3. #2 plus the 12 books of the apocrypha (Catholic Bible)

4. #3 plus 3 more books of the apocrypha plus Psalm #151 (Orthodox Bible)

5. #4 plus 2nd Esdras (Russian and Georgian Bibles)
6. #5 minus the 3 books of Maccabees (Anglican Bible)
7. any book or set of books regarded as authoritative

big	(adj.) (comparative: bigger) a p.b.c. definable only by its synonyms: large , huge, or in contrast to its opposite: little in reference to magnitude or size

bind	(v.t.) (see fasten , restrain, retain) (ant. free₁ ) to hold in a particular state 1. abstract state e.g. by contract₁ 2. physical state

blade	(n.) a hard edged linear instrument used to chop or slice

blur	1. (v.i.) to be or become indistinct₃ in outline or shape 2. (v.t.) to cause to blur₁ 3. (n.) the state of being blured₁

body

(n.) (see mind-body relationships)

1. the main part of something
A. the central part of something
B. the most important part of something

2. the material₂ part of something
A. as opposed to energy parts
B. as opposed to abstract parts

e.g. mind , emotions

i. as opposed to spiritual parts

e.g. soul , spirit

3. something seen as a unit
A. a group of things seen as a unit

e.g. a body of soldiers

B. a mass of something seen as a unit

e.g. a body of water

boundary

(n.) (denotatively indistinguishable from: edge₁ , border, perimeter) (see limit)

Collectively they are definable as a location where one thing stops and another starts.

A two dimensional boundary is either a hiatus having no thickness or a stripe having thickness.

A three dimensional boundary is either a surface having no thickness or a skin having thickness.

A boundary is either distinct (hard edged) or indistinct (soft edged).

An abstract closed boundary is a category.

burden of proof	(n.) In a dispute between one whose point is provable and one whose point is not provable, b.o.p. is an obligation on him whose point is provable to do so. (see essay)

calculate	(v.t.) (syn. figure₂ ) to process_2A data 1. by logic 2. by arithmetic

Calvinism

(n.) (not exactly contrasted to Arminianism)

either Christian determinism or a package of inconsistent statements deliberately made complicated to obscure its contradicions

The sovereignty of God must be defended at all cost. Therefore God is absolutely sovereign over every event. Therefore no event is accidental, random, or uncontroled.

Two types: Supralapsarianism & Infralapsarianism

Supralapsarianism: Before the Creation, God predestined some for heaven and others for hell.

Infralapsarianism: Before the Creation, God predestined some stuff, but pussyfooted around the hell issue. After the Creation, God predestined some people for heaven.

In its existing forms, Calvinism is either logically inconsistent, or it implies that God deliberately creates some people to condemn them to eternal torment.

cancel	(v.t.) (see discontinue , end , terminate) 1. to cause something to stop 2. to cause something to not exist 3. to cause something to reverse back to what it was previously

cardinal	(adj.) 1. on which something depends 2. of number , expressing quantity rather than place in a series (contrast to ordinal)

care	1. (n.) attention to something plus action to make it as desired A. plus action to preserve it 2. (v.t.) to want something to be the case A. to act to preserve something (see attend to)

Cartesian product

(n.) The set of all possible ordered pairs < a,b >, where a is an element of set A and b is an element of set B, is the Cartesian product of A and B. It is written A x B, and can be graphed as rows x columns.

e.g. In a deck of cards, the set of all 4 suits multiplied by the set of all 13 denominations equals the 52 cards (the Cartesian product of SUITS x DENOMINATIONS). It can be graphed as a table of 4 rows by 13 columns or 13 rows by 4 columns.

categorize	(v.t.) to identify a category by a common criterion which is not common to all other things

category	(n.) (syn. set) (composed of concepts usually called members) an abstract closed boundary containing concepts which are distinguished₂ from all other concepts by having at least one criterion in common which is not common to all other concepts Such a boundary exists theoretically even when nothing is in it.

catholic	(adj.) universal

cause

(contrast to: induce , influence , motivate , persuade)
1. (v.t.) to make a change happen (denotatively synonymous with force)
2. (n.) that which is responsible for any change (which is its effect)
There are no such things as necessary and sufficient causes. There are necessary and sufficient conditions to cause effects, or necessary and sufficient causal conditions.
The difference may seem trivial, but a "necessary cause" is not necessarily a cause.

caused	(adj.) (syn. determined , inevitable) happening of necessity rather than chance

center	1. (n.) a point half way between extremes (syn. middle) A. a point half way between two other points B. a point equidistant from the points of a periphery i. an approximation of this point 2. (n.) an area around a center₁ 3. (v.t.) to put something at a center₁

certain	(adj.) (contrast to probable , possible) relative to propositions 1. abs. obj. true and known to be true 2. sbj. thought to be known₃

certainty	(n.) 1. abs. obj. that which is true and known to be true (i.e. proven) relative to propositions 2. sbj. thinking₂ you have knowledge₃ relative to sentient beings (opposite: doubt₁ ) There are no degrees of certainty. Therefore any probability₂ judgment short of certainty is belief₁. If you want to talk degrees, try certitude.

certitude	(n.) (opposite: doubt₂ ) sbj. the degree of confidence you have that you know something

chance

(syn. possibility1 )   (contrast to accident , probability)1.  ont.  (adj.)  able to be or not be   (contrast to necessary)
2.  ont.  (n.)  something that may or may not be
A.  something that may or may not have been in the past
B.  something that may or may not be in the present
C.  something that may or may not be in the future   (syn. potential2 )
3.  epis.  (adj.)  not predictable
A.  (n.)  the quality of unpredictability
B.  (n.)  an event the occurrence of which is unpredictable

change	denotatively identical to convert (see transform) 1. (v.i.) to become different (see vary) 2. (v.t.) to cause to become different (syn. alter) 3. (n.) the result) of changing₁

cheat	1. (v.t.) to violate a contract₁ A. of a written contract B. of an implied contract 2. (n.) a sentient being who cheats₁

choice

(n.) (see alternative , preference)

1. ability to do or have one thing out of a fixed₃ range of options₂
A. ability to do or have one of multiple options within a given range
B. ability to do or have X or Y
C. ability to do or have X, or not do or have X

2. necessity to do or have one thing out of a fixed₃ range of options₂
A. necessity to do or have one of multiple options within a given range
B. necessity to do or have X or Y
C. necessity to do or have X, or not do or have X

If the range is not fixed, no choice_{1 or 2} is necessary.
3. the objects of choice_{1 or 2}

e.g. chocolate, strawberry, or vanilla; stay or go; to be or not to be

choose	(v.t.) (superset of select₁ to do or have one thing out of a fixed₃ range of options₂ (If the range is not fixed, no choice is necessary.) A. to do or have one of multiple options within a given range B. to do or have X or Y C. to do or have X, or not do or have X

chop	(v.t.) (see slice) to cut by pushing a blade through

Christian

I can't be sure any creedal statement includes all Christians and excludes all non-Christians.  Therefore I offer your choice of the following attempted definitions.1.  (adj.)  that set of beliefs which accepts the existence of a historical Jesus of Nazareth, and some combination of one or more of the following:
A.  that he is identical to the God to whom we are accountable
B.  that he is a necessary mediator between us and the God to whom we are accountable
C.  that everything he said is true
D.  that everything the Bible says he said is true
E.  that he said everything the Bible says he said
F.  that everything the Bible says about him is true
G.  that we should do what he said to do
H.  that we should usually do what he said to do
I.  that we should try to do what he said to do
J.  that we should usually try to do what he said to do
K.  that even if we don't try to do what he said to do, he will forgive us and make us happy forever if we just believe in him
i.  but only if we repent
2.  (adj.)  pop.  that set of beliefs which cause a person to do some combination of #1 "in his heart"
3.  (adj.)  that set of beliefs which cause a person to think he is a Christian
A.  and behaves a certain way
4.  (n.)  a person who thinks some combination of #1 is true
A.  and behaves a certain way
5.  (n.)  a person who thinks some particular creedal statement is true
A.  and behaves a certain way
6.  (n.)  a person who tries to maintain a personal relationship with Jesus
A.  and behaves a certain way
i.  but only if he has the right Jesus
a.  and behaves a certain way

circle	(n.) (see arc , cycle , sphere , spiral) a closed line of points existing on plane and equidistant from a middle point called its vertex_1A

circuit	(n.) (syn. cycle₁ ) circular motion

circular	(adj.) 1. in the form of a circle 2. starting and stopping at the same point A. starting and stopping at the same location

circumference	(n.) 1. the line around₃ a plane figure A. in the form of a circle 2. the measurement of a circumference₁

circumstance	(n.) 1. a fact or event accompanying another fact or event A. accidentally B. as an essential determining factor 2. (pl.) surrounding details or conditions

cite	(v.t.) (syn. adduce) to mention something as an example, evidence, explanation, or proof

clade	(n.) Greek for branch (see cladogenesis) an abstract branch used to connect items in a hierarchy

cladogenesis	(n.) (ant. anagenesis) splitting into more than one branch such that the original trunk does not necessarily become extinct 1. biological: evolution of a species into more than one branch 2. sociological: evolution of a culture or society into more than one form

clarity	(n.) (adj. = clear) allowing passage through 1. allowing light to pass through 2. being unobstructed 3. epis. of propositions or sets of propositions: not being illogical , ambiguous , or vague Clarity₁ is not related to understanding. e.g. Calculus is perfectly clear whether I understand it or not, though it may be explained unclearly.

clause	(n.) 1. a sequence of words containing a subject and verb which forms a sentence or part of a sentence 2. a separate section of a legal document

clear

1. (adj.) (n. = clarity) allowing passage through
A. allowing light to pass through (syn. transparent, opposite: opaque)
B. unobstructed
C. epis. of propositions or sets of propositions:

not illogical , ambiguous , or vague
Clarity₁ is not related to understanding.

e.g. Calculus is perfectly clear whether I understand it or not, though it may be explained unclearly.

2. (adj.) unblemished
3. (v.i.) to become clear_1,2
4. (v.t.) to make clear_1,2

close	(adj.) (see near) (v.) (see shut)

coerce	(v.t.) (subset of persuade) to persuade by means of displeasure for non-cooperation

coercion	(n.) (subset of persuasion) persuasion by means of displeasure for non-cooperation

cohere	(v.i.) 1. to adhere together 2. to be logically consistent_a , integrated, and intelligible

coherence	(n.) 1. adhering together; cohesion 2. logically consistent_a , integrated, and intelligible A. under theories of truth, the sibling set of correspondence theory Coherence₂ is not related to understanding. e.g. Calculus has coherence whether I understand it or not, though it may not be explained coherently.

coherence theory of truth	(contrast to correspondence theory of truth) The truth of a body of beliefs and/or propositions is determined by their internal and mutual consistency. This and correspondence theory are not mutually exclusive, and therefore constitute attributes of truth, rather than opposing theories.

coherent	(adj.) 1. adhering together 2. logically consistent_a , integrated, and intelligible Being coherent₂ is not related to being understandable. e.g. Calculus is perfectly coherent whether I understand it or not, though it may not be explained coherently.

collect	(v.t.) to gather repeatedly over time

combine	(v.) (see add , join , merge , mix , unite) 1. (v.i.) to come into union 2. (v.t.) to bring into union

command	1. (v.t.) to tell someone to do something (syn. demand₁ , order) A. with authority_1,2 to do so B. without authority_1,2 Authority is implied, but not necessary. C. with power₁ to enforce obedience D. without power_1, to enforce Such power is implied, but not necessary. 2. (v.i.) to have authority_1,2 3. (v.i.) to have power₁ to enforce obedience 4. (n.) a sentence expressing a command₁

common	(adj.) 1. shared by many or all members of a set 2. of or belonging to a community (syn. public₁ ) 3. plentiful A. existing in many places (syn. prevalent , general_2A ) B. occurring often (syn. general_2B ) 4. having few or no distinguishing features (syn. ordinary₂ )

common sense

  (n.)  that faculty by which minds know that logic is reliable, recognize foundational premises , and comprehend induction
  (n.)  probability judgment based on remembered observation of consistent cause-effect relationships interpreted by inductive reasoning
  (adj.)  generally agreed on   (a vague, ambiguous, and subjective term)
A.  (n.)  category of unproven propositions on which most people agree  ("Most people" is another can of worms.)

communicate	(v.t.) (syn. say , speak₂ ) (see audience) to transmit information

comparative	(adj.) 1. having the nature of comparing 2. indicating greater or lesser degree of some attribute A. the greater or lesser degree of an adjective or adverb (sibling set of superlative)

compare	(v.t.) of two concepts: 1. to note similarity and/or difference 2. to note greater or lesser degree of some attribute

compatible	(adj.) not conflicting 1. of propositions: not contradictory or mutually exclusive 2. of animals: not antagonistic

compatiblism	(n.) (a subset of determinism) the theory that causal determination of human conduct is compatible with the freedom required for moral responsibility

compel	(v.t.) to force_1A

compensate	(v.t.) to counterbalance an imbalance in order to achieve balance 1. to counterbalance a lack or deficiency 2. to counterbalance an offense A. by doing something to please the offended party 3. to counterbalance a state of injustice A. to pay a debt (see requite)

compensation	(n.) counterbalance in order to achieve balance 1. counterbalance of a lack or deficiency 2. counterbalance of an offense A. by doing something to please the offended party 3. counterbalance of a state of injustice A. payment of a debt (see requital)

complement	(n.) the set of all and only those things that are not included in the set designated (see antonym , negative) e.g. The complement of A is everything in the universe that is not A.

complete

1. (adj.) having all the parts and attributes it needs (syn. whole)
A. to fulfill₁ some criterion

i. to be what it's called

e.g. A proton is a complete proton but an incomplete hydrogen atom.
A hydrogen atom is an incomplete helium atom. etc.
A car minus a radio may or may not be a complete car depending on how you define car.
Completeness of X depends on definition of X.

2. (v.t.) to make something complete₁ (see accomplish)

3. to bring to an end (syn. fulfill₂ )

complete system	(n.) a system whose axioms₁ or rules of inference₁ are adequate to demonstrate every true proposition, or to justify any valid argument

complex	(adj.) containing more than one kind of part (contrast to composite and simple)

comply	(v.i.) (ant. refuse) 1. to do what is requested (syn. consent_3a ) 2. to do what is commanded (syn. obey )

component	(n.) an essential part₁

compose	(v.) to put parts together

composite	(adj.) (opposite: incomposite) (contrast to complex and singular) containing more than one part

composition	(n.) 1. what a thing is made of; ingredients 2. a thing made of ingredients

compress	(v.t.) 1. to press together 2. to cause to take up less time or space (see contract)

concede	(v.t.) 1. to refrain from contesting₂ an assertion 2. to give up a contest₃ (syn. yield_2A )

concentrate	1. (v.i.) to go toward a center A. to come to s single location 2. (v.t.) to cause to go toward a center

concentrated	(adj.) gathered around a center

concentration	(n.) (see focus) 1. gathering around a center 2. the fact of being concentrated

concept

(n.) a unit of thought (syn. idea₁ ) that is recognizable as such
A term corresponds to a concept, which corresponds to a thing. A concept can be labeled by one or several terms.

e.g. "Dog" is a concept. "Big black dog" is a concept. "Big black dog on a surfboard" can be seen as one or two concepts, because there are no official rules delimiting what a concept can be.

Types of concepts exist in opposing pairs:

1. abstract₁ concept: not space/time dependent (often called imaginary)
extended₂ concept: space/time dependent (often called real)

2. singular concept: containing no parts or sub-concepts
composite concept: containing more than one part or sub-concept

A. simple concept: containing one kind of part or sub-concept

B. complex concept: containing more than one kind of part or sub-concept

3. incremented concept: containing degrees or fractions of itself
non-incremented concept: containing no degrees or fractions of itself

4. properly basic concept: cannot be defined
definable concept: can be defined in terms of other concepts

Multiple concepts of the same type are seen collectively as a category.

conceptualism	(subset of anti-realism) (sibling set of nominalism) the theory that: Only particulars and collections of particulars exist. Properties₂ exist, but are dependent on minds to exist. Universals₁ are properties that can be in more than one particular at the same time. Universals are reducible to particular concepts in minds.

conclude	1. (v.i.) to become finished, ended 2. (v.t.) to make finished, ended a. to end a thought process (syn. to decide)

conclusion	(n.) the end of something 1. the last part of something before the end 2. the end of a thought process (see decision) A. a proposition which logically follows from two (or more) premises of a valid argument

concrete	(adj.) 1. physical 2. perceivable by the senses 3. referring to a particular entity, as opposed to its general category 4. referring to a whole particular, as opposed to an attribute of it (which is abstract₂ by contrast)

condition	(n.) 1. an essential requirement for the existence of something 2. anything that modifies an attribute of something else 3. a state of affairs A. in relation to something that implies it B. in relation to something that it implies

conditional	1. (adj.) expressing a condition or conditions A. (adj.) containing a condition or conditions 2. (adj.) implying a condition or conditions 3. (adj.) dependent on a condition or conditions 4. (n.) a statement which is conitional_1,2,3

conditional statement

(n.) (part of deduction) (sibling set of syllogism) (superset of modus ponens , and modus tolens)

A statement of the form: if p, then q is written p ⊂ q .
Conventionally, lower case letters are used.
The if clause is antecedent. The then clause is consequent.

The minimal requirement for the truth of a conditional statement is that the consequent not be false when the antecedent is true.
"⊂" is also used to denote a subset.

conduct	(v.t.) to show or point the way (syn. direct , guide , lead₃ ) e.g. to conduct an orchestra A. to channel motion e.g. Copper wire conducts electricity.

conduct	(n.) way of acting (syn. behavior)

confidence	(n.) (compare to courage) belief₁ that what you want to be true is true

configuration	(v.t.) (subset of position) (see form) arrangement of the parts of something e.g. bent, erect, crooked, crouched, folded, twisted

configure	(v.t.) to arrange the parts of something

confirm	(v.t.) (see affirm , establish) to make firm, stable, or settled 1. of something uncertain as being true A. to do so officially 2. of something proposed as being approved A. to do so officially (syn. approve_2A )

conflate	(v.) literally blow together to sloppily treat two different concepts as though they were indistinguishable

conflict	1. (v.i.) (see contest) to actively oppose A. in words B. physically 2. (n.) active opposition A. in words B. physically

conform	(v.i.) (contrast to agree) to be or become of the same form

conformity	(n.) (contrast to agreement) 1. accordance of form 2. equality of form

connect	1. (v.i.) to touch₁ (see join₁ ) A. and fasten together (see attach , unite) 2. (v.t.) to touch₁ something (see join₁ , contact₁ ) A. and fasten to it

connection	(n.) (see attachment) touching₁ 1. and fastening together

connote	(v.t.) (contrast to denote₂ ) to suggest or imply₂ something in addition to its explicit meaning

connotation	(n.) (contrast to denotation₂ ) something suggested or implied₂ in addition to its explicit meaning Connotations of a term are all attributes of that term.

conscious	(adj.) (syn. aware) (see sentient) experiencing thoughts , sense perceptions , and emotions. Conscious action is deliberate. Sense perceptions are not experienced while dreaming.

consciousness	(n.) (syn. awareness , perception₁ ) The state in which a self experiences thoughts , sense perceptions , and emotions Sense perceptions are not experienced while dreaming.

consent

(compare to assent)
1. (v.i.) to think favorably about something proposed (syn. approve)
2. (v.i.) to permit something requested (see willing)

3. (v.i.) to agree to comply₁ with something proposed or requested
A. to actually comply with it

4. (n.) approval of something proposed
5. (n.) permission of something requested

6. (n.) agreement to comply with something proposed or requested
A. actual compliance with it

consequence	(n.) (syn. result₁ ) (superset of payment) a final or relevant effect of a cause

consequent	1. (adj.) following as a result₁ 2. (n.) a proposition resulting from an antecedent proposition e.g. If (antecedent) then (consequent) (Consequent) if (antecedent) or (Consequent) unless (antecedent)

consider	(v.t.) to think_1A about in order to understand or decide 1. to evaluate 2. to care about specifically the emotions of other emotional beings 3. to think of as acceptable or possible

consistency	(n.) 1. degree of logical or intuitive connection A. with itself B. with something else 2. degree of accord or agreement A. with itself B. with something else 3. degree of firmness, thickness, viscosity, uniformity

consistent	(adj.) 1. in logical or intuitive connection A. with itself (syn. coherent) b. with something else 2. in accord or agreement A. with itself (syn. coherent) B. with something else

constant	1. (adj.) not changing (contrast to continual , continuous) A. not changing within a finite time period B. not changing within an indefinite time period C. never changing (immutable₁ ) 2. (adj.) not likely to change A. not likely to change within a finite time period B. not likely to change within an indefinite time period C. never likely to change 3. (n.) something which is constant_1,2

constrain	(contrast to: force) (v.t.) to prevent a change from happening 1. to forbid a willful action

constraint	(n.) restrictive force₂

contact	1. (n.) (syn. touch_1,2,3 ) the relationship of two things that are as near as possible without causing deformity to at least one of them 2. (v.) to come into a contact₁ relationship A. abstractly: to communicate 3. (n.) the act of contacting₂

contain	(v.t.) 1. to hold₁ within the holder e.g. A cup holds liquid in the cup. 2. to be able to hold₁ e.g. A gallon jug holds a gallon even when it's empty. 3. to have as an essential part e.g. 10 contains 3 + 7, or 2 x 5.

content	(n.) all that is in something: 1. abstract content A. verbal content i. meaning as opposed to style 2. physical content

content	1. (adj.) happy enough to be satisfied 2. (v.t.) to satisfy

contest	1. (v.i.) to enter or be in conflict with an opposing will 2. (v.t.) to contest₁ a particular matter 3. (n.) two or more wills in conflict

contingent

(adj.) (opposite: non-contingent) (subset of relative) (see truth)
from Latin, "to touch₁ on all sides"

1. dependent on, or limited by something else for its existence, truthfulness, functionality, or enactment (opposite: absolute₂ )

2. possible₁ and not necessary₁

e.g. B is possible₁ in the case:
If A then B. If not A then maybe B.
B is contingent on A in the case:
If A then maybe B. If not A then not B.

continual	(adj.) (contrast to continuous , constant_1,2 , perpetual) happening, happening again, happening again, etc. (see repeating) A. within a finite space or time period B. in an indefinite space or time period C. in infinite space or eternal time

continue	(opposite: discontinue) (see keep , remain , stay) 1. (v.i.) to not stop 2. (v.t.) to cause something to not stop

continuous	(adj.) (contrast to continual , constant_1,2 , perpetual) extending without interruption A. within a finite space or time period B. in an indefinite space or time period C. in infinite space or eternal time

contract	1. (n.) an agreement₂ between two or more persons to do something A. the terms of that agreement i. those terms written down 2. (v.i.) to make a contract₁

contract	(v.i.) (ant. expand) (see compress) to be reduced in at least one dimension

contradict	(v.t.) (superset of deny) (see rebut) to say that a previously stated proposition is false

contradiction	(n.) (contrast to contraries) relationship of two propositions which cannot both be true and cannot both be false

contrapositive	(adj. and n.) (sibling set of converse and obverse) (contrast to antonym) relationship of two categorical propositions of the same form such that the subject term of each is the complement of the predicate term of the other. (logical equivalents for A and O propositions) i.e. A (All S are P) contraposes to (All non-P are non-S). O (Some S are non-P) contraposes to (Some non-P are non-S).

contraries	(n.) (opposite: subcontraries) a pair of propositions which cannot both be true, but can both be false (contrast to contradiction)

contrary	(adj.) opposed 1. in truth value 2. in opinion 3. in will or desire (syn. adverse₁ ) A. for something to be true B. for something to happen

control	1. (v.t.) to force behavior to be as the controler desires (see manage , regulate) A. by strength B. by authority 2. (n.) ability to control₁

converse	(adj. and n.) (sibling set of contrapositive and obverse) (contrast to reverse) the relationship of two categorical propositions of the same form such that the subject term of each is the predicate term of the other (logical equivalents for E and I propositions) i.e. E (No S are P) converts to (No P are S). I (Some S are P) converts to (Some P are S).

converse	(v.i.) to speak to in order to communicate (syn. talk)

conversion	(n.) (sibling set of contrapositive and obverse) (contrast to reverse) relationship of two categorical propositions of the same form such that the subject term of each is the predicate term of the other (logical equivalents for E and I propositions) i.e. E (No S are P) converts to (No P are S). I (Some S are P) converts to (Some P are S).

convert	denotatively identical to change 1. (v.i.) to become different 2. (v.t.) to cause to become different

correct	1. (adj.) conforming to a standard A. an absolute standard e.g. truth , logic (see right₁ ) B. an arbitrary standard (see proper) 2. (v.t.) to try to compel something to conform to a standard A. and succeed

correspond	(v.i.) 1. to be paired with one among multiple possibilities A. to conform to one among multiple possibilities B. to be similar to one among multiple possibilities 2. that which each member in a relation₂ does with respect to the other 3. to communicate indirectly

correspondence	(n.) the relationship₂ of the members of an ordered pair

correspondence theory of truth	(contrast to coherence theory) The truth of beliefs and propositions is determined by one to one correspondence between their terms and implications and external facts. This and coherence theory are not mutually exclusive, and therefore constitute attributes of truth, rather than opposing theories.

corrigible	(adj.) (opposite: incorrigible) 1. able to be changed 2. willing to be changed Connotatively the change implies improvement.

cosmological argument for the existence of God

(n.) (see ontological , teleological , and transcendental arguments)

1. Assuming that rest is natural₂ , and motion unnatural₂ , a Prime Mover is necessary. (Plato)

2. Everything now existing was either caused by something, or it is eternal. An infinite regression of causes is impossible. Therefore a first cause existed, and is therefore eternal, and therefore exists now and forever. (Aquinas)

counterfeit	(adj.) (syn. fake₁ ) (see artificial) made to appear to be something else 1. with intent to deceive

courage	(n.) (compare to confidence) 1. that emotion which induces aggressive action in spite of danger (opposite: fear) 2. aggressive action in spite of fear

create	(v.t.) to cause existence 1. of matter by conversion from energy 2. of energy by conversion from matter 3. of form by conversion from another form 4. of anything by conversion from nothing

creed	(n.) (see religion) a collection of mutually compatible belief₁ statements used to define a named category of persons who believe them

criterion	(n.) a standard₁ 1. by which a category can be identified 2. by which a judgment can be formed

cross	1. (v.t.) to go from one side of something to the other 2. (v.t.) of lines and linear objects: to meet and continue (see intersect₁ ) 3. (n.) anything in the form of a "+"

curse	(contrast to profanity₂ , swear) 1. (v.t.) to verbally wish harm on someone A. invoking a supernatural agent to carry it out 2. (v.i.) to verbally wish general destruction or displeaure on some annoying part of reality A. invoking a supernatural agent to carry it out 3. (n.) the content of curse_1,2

curve	(see bend , straight) 1. (n.) a gradual change in direction A. the line resulting from a gradual change in direction 2. (v.i.) to become curved₁ 3. (v.t.) to make curved₁

custom	(n.) (see manner , habit) a usual and/or repeated practice of a society

customary	(adj.) 1. according to custom 2. established by custom

cut	1. (v.t.) to make a linear opening A. and create a separation (superset of chop , slice) 2. to pass through or across 3. to make less (syn. diminish₂ , lessen₂) (see decrease₂ )

cycle	(n.) 1. circular motion (syn. circuit) 2. an abstract circle A. the interval of time between recurring events (syn. period₁ )

danger	(n.) possibility of unpleasantness

data	(n.) (see information , statistics) plural of datum₁ (may be accurate or inaccurate) a collection of facts or propositions used to try to draw a conclusion

datum	(n.) (see statistic) 1. a fact or proposition used to try to draw a conclusion (singular of data) (may be accurate or inaccurate) 2. a point from which measurements are taken

dead	(adj.) 1. not living₁ 2. not active

death	(n.) 1. the act of dying 2. the state of being dead 3. termination of something A. termination of life

deceive	(v.t.) (contrast to lie₁ ) to cause a thinker to think₂ what is not true

deceived	(pass. v. and adj.) thinking₂ what is not true

deceiver	(n.) (contrast to liar) that which causes deception

deception	(n.) (contrast to lie₂ ) that which causes a thinker to think₂ what is not true

decide	(v.t.) (see conclude , determine) 1. p.b.c. to do the mental act that causes a willful action 2. to choose between alternatives (syn. judge₃ ) A. to make one of two possible choices

decision	(n.) (see conclusion) 1. the mental act that causes a willful action 2. judgment₃ between alternatives

declarative statement	(n.) a statement that says something is true

declare	(v.t.) to say that something is true

decrease	(opposite: increase) 1. (v.i.) to become less or fewer (see diminish₁ , lessen₁ ) 2. (v.t.) to make less or fewer (see diminish₂ , lessen₂ ) 3. (n.) the fact of decreasing₁ 4. (n.) the amount of decrease Decrease can happen in a quality or quantity.

decrement	(n.) (opposite: increment) 1. a specific amount of decrease 2. the quantity by which a variable₃ decreases

deduce	(v.t.) 1. to draw a necessary logical conclusion from given premises 2. to infer₁ from a general principle to a probable particular 3. to trace the course or derivation of

deduction

(n.) (subset of logic) (a type of argument along with induction) (superset of syllogisms , modus ponens , and modus tolens)

1. the process of drawing a necessary logical conclusion from given premises

2. the conclusion drawn from deduction₁
It is often said that deduction proceeds from general or universal propositions to particular examples. This is a specific form of deduction (a priori₂ ) (synthesis₃ ) which is not always the way deduction works.

e.g. All A is B. All B is C. Therefore all A is C.
Some A is B. All B is C. Therefore some A is C.

deep

(adj.) (n. = depth)

1. physically long (perpendicular to tall and wide)
A. in the direction of the center of the Earth
B. in the direction away from one end of it
C. in the direction away from the viewer

2. physically distant
A. in the direction of the center of the Earth (ant. high₂ )
B. in the direction away from the viewer

3. abstractly long or distant
A. as a dimension of mind, soul, spirit

defeat	1. (v.t.) to gain dominance over A. to cause to become ineffectual 2. (n.) being defeated₁

defect	(n.) 1. obj. a lack of something necessary A. to fulfill some criterion 2. sbj. a lack of something desired

defective	(adj.) (ant. whole) 1. obj. lacking something necessary A. to fulfill some criterion 2. sbj. lacking something desired

defend	(v.t.) (ant. attack) 1. to prevent harm 2. to try to prevent harm

defense	(n.) (ant. offense) 1. prevention of harm 2. an attempt to prevent harm

define	(v.t.) (see determine) (contrast to describe) 1. to be a boundary , edge , or border A. to be the criteria for which a thing is inside or outside of a category 2. to identify something by its boundary, edge, or border A. to identify criteria for which a thing is inside or outside of a category

defined	(adj.) (contrast to vague) 1. having a boundary, edge , or border 2. having identified boundaries, edges, or borders

definition

(n.) a description which isolates something:

1. from everything else (exhaustive definition)

2. enough to identify it in the context under discussion (sufficient definition)

types of definitions according to usage:

precise: contains no ambiguity and minimal vagueness

lexical: reports the way a term is used (dictionary definition)

theoretical: proposes an understanding₂ of a term in relation to certain theories

stipulative: arbitrarily defines a term for use in a particular context

persuasive: attaches emotive significance to a term

types of definitions according to contents:

genetic: where it comes from, or what it's part of

compositional: lists enough of its parts to distinguish it

attributive: lists enough of its attributes to distinguish it

degree	(n.) (see comparative , superlative) 1. the division of a concept into a numeric sequence of parts based on a measurable criterion A. division of two dimensional space into 360 parts radiating from a point 2. any of the sequential steps in that division

deism	(n.) the world view that the Being who created this world: 1. never acted in this world 2. at some time stopped acting in this world

delay	1. (v.t.) to cause to not happen until a later time 2. (n.) that which causes something to not happen until a later time

delete	(v.t.) 1. (abs.) to make something nonexistent 2. (rel.) to change the essence of something so that it is no longer what it was (see remove₂ )

deliberate	1. (adj.) of willful actions: thought out before performed (see conscious , intent , volition) (ant. accidental) A. done to achieve a purpose 2. (v.t.) to consider reasons for and against doing a willful action

deliberately	1. (adv.) to achieve a purpose

delineation	(n.) 1. drawing a line A. methodically between distinguishable things B. arbitrarily i. randomly 2. an outline of something (see description)

demand	1. (v.t.) to tell someone to do something (syn. command₁ , order₁ , require₂) 2. (n.) that in which a demanded₁ thing is e.g. Something popular is in demand.

denotation	(n.) 1. a marking applied to members of a set in order to form a subset 2. of a term: A. that for which the term stands B. the explicit meaning without secondary implication₂ (contrast to connotation) The denotation of a term is that set of members included in the term.

denote	(v.t.) 1. to designate, mark, indicate , signify 2. of a term: A. to correspond₁ to that for which the term stands B. to mean or signify explicitly without secondary implication₂ (contrast to connote)

deny	(v.t.) 1. to say something is false (ant. affirm , assert) 2. to contradict an accusation

depend	(v.i.) 1. to be influenced by something else A. to be determined by something else 2. to need something else A. for support or aid (see rely₂ )

dependent	(adj.) 1. being influenced by something else A. being determined by something else (syn. contingent₁ ) 2. needing something else A. for support or aid (see rely₂ )

depression	(n.) (opposite: happiness) 1. the most unpleasant emotion , and the one people try the most to avoid It is denotatively synonymous with sorrow and sadness regardless of what causes it. 2. a low place in a line or surface

depth	(n.) (adj. = deep) (subset of length) 1. physical length (perpendicular to width) A. in the direction of the center of the Earth B. seen as closer to the center of the Earth than the viewer (opposite of height) C. in the direction away from the viewer (perpendicular to height and width) 2. abstract length A. as a dimension of mind, soul, spirit

describe	(v.t.) (contrast to define) 1. to say something about something A. to list attributes of something B. to illustrate something by means of words 2. to trace an outline of something

description	(n.) (contrast to definition) 1. that which says something about something A. a list of attributes of something B. an illustration of something by means of words 2. an outline of something (see delineation)

deserve	(v.t.) (see good and evil , worthy) to need something in order to achieve propriety₂ 1. to require reward or punishment in order to achieve justice₁ A. as payment for past willful acts B. as rectitude for past injustice received Only free-will emotional beings can deserve₁ something.

design	1. (n.) (superset of plan) (contrast to pattern) systematic arrangement_1B (see method , order) There is no such thing as accidental design. However, the appearance of design may occur by accident. 2. (v.t.) to make a design₁

desire	1. (v.t.) This + want constitutes a p.b.c. 2. (n.) the part of emotion that influences the will to act

destiny	(n.) (syn. fate) (see determinism) that which happens of necessity₁ e.g. death and taxes 1. that which necessarily will happen 2. that which happens because it is determined 3. that which has happened because it was determined Other than logical and physical necessity, this concept cannot be shown to exist, except relative to a given truth. e.g. If A is true, then B will happen.

destroy	(v.t.) to alter the form of something such that it no longer is what it was 1. to make non-functional 2. to kill 3. to make non-recognizable 4. to make non-existent

determine	(v.t.) 1. to set limits to (see define) 2. to decide A. conclusively B. beforehand 3. to be the cause or deciding factor of A. to direct 4. to figure out or learn something

determined	(adj.) (syn. caused , inevitable) happening of necessity rather than chance

determinism

(n.) (opposite: indeterminism) (For levels and kinds, see essay)
the theory that:

1. All events occur as inevitable consequences of antecedent causes.
(Determinism₁ equals causality.)

A. including the first event

B. except the first event

2. Some events occur as inevitable consequences of antecedent causes.
(Determinism₂ doesn't equal causality.)

A. free-will decisions not included

B. within a given range of possibilities:

i.e. Given X number of possible events, one of them must happen.

C. Given events occur as inevitable consequences of antecedent causes. (fatalism)

The opposite of determinism is indeterminism - not free will. The opposite of free will is bound will, which implies no will. Free will can exist in a determined or undetermined universe.
Between determinism₁ and complete indeterminism (randomness) are degrees of causation inversely proportional to degrees of chance.

e.g. from 99.n% chance to 50% chance in a binary system.
from 99.n% chance to 0.n% chance in an unbounded system.

deterministic	(adj.) 1. caused by necessity 2. necessarily causing something

deviate	(v.i.) to turn aside 1. from a course 2. from a standard 3. from a pattern

deviation	(n.) turning aside (compare to variation) 1. from a course 2. from a standard 3. from a pattern

devote	(v.i.) to act in support of something 1. to act in accordance with a particular principle 2. to act in support of a particular cause 3. to act with intent to benefit a particular person or group of persons

devoted	1. (v.i.) the past tense of devote 2. (adj.) having the quality of devotion₂

devotion	(n.) 1. action in support of something A. action in accordance with a particular principle B. action in support of a particular cause C. action with intent to benefit a particular person or group of persons (see allegiance , loyalty) 2. the mindet or emotion associated with 1

differ	(v.i.) (see vary) (contrast to change) 1. ont. not being the same 2. epis. appearing to not be the same

difference	(n.) (see significance) 1. ont. an attribute of a thing that is not the same as another thing 2. epis. an attribute of a thing that appears not to be the same as another thing

different	(adj.) (ant. same) (compare to distinct) 1. ont. not the same 2. epis. appearing not the same

differentiate	1. (v.i.) ont. to become different 2. (v.t.) ont. to make different 3. (v.t.) epis. to observe the appearance of difference (see distinguish)

difficult	(adj.) (ant. easy) 1. requiring much effort to do 2. causing displeasure in order to do

difficulty	(n.) (ant. ease) the condition or fact of being difficult

dignity	(n.) 1. deserving honor 2. an attribute of something that is honored 3. an assumed attribute of someone who wants to be honored

dimension	(n.) (contains time and distance , but not space because space includes three distance dimensions) 1. any linear series or order of units 2. any quantity capable of increase or decrease A. over a certain range B. infinitely

diminish	(syn. cut_2,3 , lessen₁ ) (see decrease_1,2 ) 1. (v.i.) to become less 2. (v.t.) to make less

direct	1. (v.t.) to show or point the way (syn. conduct , guide , lead₃ ) (see indicate) A. to get something to do what the director wants (see manage) i. to tell someone what to do e.g. to direct traffic, direct a movie 2. (adj.) having the same direction₁ throughout its length (syn. straight)

direction	(n.) 1. a straight line from any point in space 2. the way from any point in space to any other point in space A. a way to get to a destination 3. a verbalized direction₁ A. telling someone what to do

discern	(v.) (see distinguish , notice) to identify sameness or difference

discontinue	(opposite: continue) (see cancel) 1. (v.i.) to stop 2. (v.t.) to cause something to stop

discover	(v.t.) to be first to learn something 1. to be first to find something

disintegrate	(v.) to separate into fragments (see resolve)

dispense	(v.t.) (subset of distribute₁ ) (superset of administer₂ ) to distribute₁ things in measured amounts to specific recipients

dissolve	(v.) 1. to make or become liquid 2. to disintegrate into liquid 3. to become non-existent by means of disintegration

distance

(n.) (see dimension , interval , length)

1. that which is between two points in space
The form_1A of a distance₁ is necessarily a straight line.

e.g. the distance from the Earth to the moon

2. a series of distance₁s laid end to end in a not necessarily straight line
e.g. the distance from Paris to Rome by car

3. abstract distance = abstract space

e.g. more distance between 1 and 5 than between 1 and 3
more distance between king and surf than between king and duke
more distance between joy and sorrow than between joy and love

distant

(adj.) a relationship of two things that are separate₄
1. having distance between them

e.g. The moon is 384,403 kilometers distant from the Earth.

A. rel. having much distance between them (subset of far₁ )
The following examples are relatively speaking.
e.g. The moon is very distant from the Earth.

i. sbj. having much distance between self and other
e.g. The moon is very distant.

2. having some abstraction between them
e.g. a distant relative

distinct	(adj.) (opposite: indistinct) 1. different from something next to it A. appearing to be so 2. different from everything that is not it A. appearing to be so

distinguish	(v.t.) 1. to differentiate something from something next to it 2. to differentiate something from everything that is not it

distribute	(v.t.) (see divide) 1. to give out, deal out, put out units among several recipients A. to put things in various distinct places (superset of dispense) 2. in logic, to use a term so as to refer to every member of a set

distributed	(adj.) 1. given out, dealt out, put out among several recipients 2. in logic, to refer to every member of a set

divide	1. (v.i.) to become separated₁ A. into groups , parts , or sections 2. (v.t.) to cause things to become separated A. into groups or sections (see distribute) i. into equal groups, parts, or sections

divsion	(n.) (see fraction) 1. separation into groups , parts , or sections 2. one of those groups, parts, or sections

do	p.b.c. (v.t.) There's no point in trying to define it. We all must assume that we know what it means.

dogma	(n.) (contrast to axiom) a proposition or doctrine asserted to be true without epistemological necessity or justification

dogmatic	(adj.) (see pontificate) pertaining to a proposition or doctrine asserted to be true without epistemological necessity or justification

dominance	(n.) (compare to supremacy) having power over

dominant	(adj.) (compare to supreme) having power over

dominate	(v.t.) (compare to defeat) to have power over

double aspect theory	(n.) (subset of epiphenomenalism) the mind-body view that body is basic, and produces mind. Mind reflects body, and corresponds to body with no true interaction.

doubt	1. lack knowledge A. (v.t.) to lack knowledge B. (n.) lack of knowledge (opposite: certainty) 2. lack confidence A. (v.t.) to lack confidence B. (n.) lack of confidence (opposite: certitude)

down	(adv.) (opposite up) (see below) rel. always relative to a person judging direction 1. the direction toward a point which is considered lowest 2. the direction toward the center of the Earth

dualism

(n.)

1. distinction of two essential and mutually irreducible components in one system (metaphysical dualism)

e.g. time/space , matter/energy

2. the world view that the universe is composed of (or explicable in terms of) two basic entities

e.g. mind/matter , appearance/reality (contrast to monism and pluralism)

A. the world view that the universe is composed of (or explicable in terms of) two antagonistic principles₁

e.g. good/evil

3. the mind-body view that there are two underlying substances in humanness (sibling set of monism₃ )
(superset of parallelism , occasionalism , pre-established harmony , interactionism)

4. the theological view that God is composed of two eternal opposing parts

e.g. good/evil , male/female , spirit/matter , etc.

duration	(n.) a period of time expressed as a measurement e.g. minute, hour, day, week, month, year

dynamic	(adj.) 1. relating to change A. tending to change 2. relating to motion (see kinetic) A. tending to move (ant. static) 3. relating to energy or force A. causing force B. caused by force

each	(adj. and pron.) every one of two or more considered separately

ease	1. (n.) freedom from obstruction A. freedom from difficulty B. freedom from antyhing causing displeasure 2. (v.t.) to reduce obstruction A. to reduce difficulty B. to reduce antyhing causing displeasure

easy	(adj.) (ant. difficult) 1. able to be done with little effort 2. able to be done without displeasure

edge	(n.) 1. a location where one thing stops and another starts. (syn. boundary) 2. the linear hiatus where a physical object appears to end from the viewpoint of an observer (superset of horizon) 3. the location on a physical object where two planes meet at an angle Locations formed by accute angles are called edges more often than locations formed by obtuse angles.

effect

(n.) (contrast to affect)

1. that which is caused (superset of result₁ and reaction)

e.g. The effect of the drug is drowsiness.

2. power to produce that which is caused

e.g. A drug is said to have an effect, when it's really the person who takes the drug who has the effect.

When you affect something, you have an effect on it.
Unfortunately affect is sometimes used as a noun and effect as a verb, which screws everything up.

effort	(n.) (syn. work₂ ) willfully using energy to try to accomplish a task

element	(n.) 1. a basic part of something A. abstract: e.g. a principle , axiom B. physical i. part of a substance that can't be divided without becoming something else i.e. everything in the periodic table archaic earth, air, fire, water 2. a unit in and of a set (syn. member₂ ) Symbol: ∈ means, "is an element of". Symbol: ∉ means, "is not an element of".

emerge	(v.i.) (syn. issue₁ ) to come or go out

emote	(v.i.) to register pleasure/displeasure

emotion

(n.) (part of mind) (sibling set of thought , sense perception , will) (opposites: indifference, apathy)
that part of mind which registers pleasure/displeasure , and converts thoughts and sense perceptions into value judgments
Just as flavors are made of four primary types in pairs of opposites, emotions are made of six primary types: love/hate , joy/sorrow , courage/fear

Half are pleasant, and half are unpleasant.
pleasant: love, joy, courage

Pleasant emotions cause a desire for them to continue.

unpleasant: hate, sorrow, fear
Unpleasant emotions cause a desire for them to stop.

Emotions are involuntary events. Any attempt to directly control them fails. Attempts to condition them by willful decisions over time sometimes work, sometimes fail, and sometimes backfire violently.
Emotions influence (but do not cause) willful decisions.
No emotion affects ethics/morals, though they influence ethical/moral decisions.

emphasis	(n.) noteworthiness relative to things around it 1. acknowledged noteworthiness 2. declared noteworthiness

emphasize	(v.t.) to declare noteworthy relative to things around it

empirical	(adj.) (popularly contrasted with rational) 1. relying primarily on sense perception for knowledge 2. relying solely on sense perception for knowledge

empiricism	(n.) 1. the theory that our only source of knowledge is experience , specifically, sense perception. (contrast to rationalism₁ ) 2. trying to know by sense perception, experimental method

emptiness	(n.) the fact of containing nothing Emptiness does not imply nothingness, because emptiness requires a container in which nothing exists.

empty	1. (adj.) containing nothing (compare to hollow) 2. (v.t.) to cause to become empty₁

end	1. (n.) (syn. limit₁ ) the farthest point or boundary on something A. (v.t.) to create or impose an end₁ 2. (n.) (syn. limit₂ ) the highest or lowest degree of something A. (v.t.) to create or impose an end₂ 3. (n.) the last part of something 4. (v.i.) (syn. terminate_1,2) to stop existing A. (v.t.) (see cancel) to cause to stop existing

enemy	(n.) an adversary 1. who wants to harm or destroy you 2. whom you want to harm or destroy

energy	(n.) (contrast to matter_1B2 ) ability to cause or act (syn. power₁ ) (Energy in Joules) = (mass in kilograms) X (300,000,000 meters per second squared).

enjoy	(v.t.) (syn. like_3a ) to experience joy because of an enjoyed object

enough	(adj.) (syn. sufficient) being at least the minimal amount necessary to fulfill₁ a given condition

entity	(n.) 1. a thing that can be identified as a distinct part of the whole of reality A. an existing thing or object, material₁ or immaterial (syn. being₁ )

entropy	(n.) a measure of the disorder of a system 1. the measurement of energy which cannot be transformed into mechanical work in a thermodynamic system 2. a measure of the disorder or randomness in a closed system 3. a measure of the loss of information in a transmitted message

epiphenomenalism	(n.) (subset of materialism_1B ) (sibling set of physicalism₂ ) (superset of double aspect theory) the mind-body view that brain produces mind as a by-product. Mind is a property₂ of body and a relfection of brain.

epistemic	(adj.) of knowledge 1. of what knowledge is 2. of how we know A. of how we know that we know B. of how we know what we know

epistemic justification	(n.) (see justification) 1. sufficient foundation₂ to support: A. abs. the existence of knowledge B. rel. the existence of a particular type of knowledge 2. sufficient reason₃ A. to believe₁ a proposition is true B. to know₃ a proposition is true

epistemic necessity

(n.) (see necessity) an attribute of a premise such that the premise must necessarily be true:

1. abs. in order for knowledge to exist at all

e.g. It is epistemically necessary that I know what knowledge is, though I can't define it without circularity.
It is epistemically necessary that I know I exist, think, emote, perceive, and will. Any animal knows these things prior to language.

2. rel. in order for a particular type of knowledge to exist

e.g. It is epistemically necessary that language be able to express reality in order to use language for that purpose.
It is epistemically necessary that logic be reliable for determining the truth of any proposition before using logic to prove anything.

epistemological	(adj.) (contrast to ontological) 1. the fact that a thing is thought or known to be, as opposed to the fact that it exists (which is ontological₁ ) 2. what a thing is thought to be, or how it is known to be, as opposed to what it is (which is ontological₂ )

epistemology	(n.) (subset of philosophy) (sibling set to ontology and axiology) 1. obj. the theory or study of knowledge A. what knowledge is B. how we know i. how we know that we know ii. how we know what we know 2. sbj. a person's chosen rules governing what he claims to know

equal	(adj.) of two or more things: being the same in some attribute 1. being of the same value

equality	(n.) (see balance) of two or more things: being the same in some attribute 1. being of the same value

equilibrium	(n.) (see balance , stability) a state in which all active influences are canceled by others

equivalent	(adj.) having the same value as something else

equivocal	(adj.) (contrast to univocal) 1. an attribute of a term that is used with two different meanings as though it had one meaning 2. an attribute of a term that allows more than one meaning before its meaning becomes univocal by a specific context or use.

equivocation	(n.) using the same term with two different meanings as though it had one meaning

errant	(adj.) (opposite: inerrant) 1. containing at least one error₁ A. containing errors₁ B. characterized by errors₁ 2. misleading 3. misled i.e. thinking₂ a false₂ statement is true

error	(n.) (see wrong) 1. a false₂ statement thought to be true (subset of untruth) A. by the person who made it 2. the state of believing an error₁

escape	1. (v.t.) to get away from (syn. avoid₂ ) A. to stay away from 2. (n.) the act of escaping A. the state of having escaped

essence	(n.) 1. what something is (contrast to existence) (syn. nature₁ ) 2. attributes of something (syn. nature_1B ) A. attributes of something which make it what it is (contrast to accident_2B )

essential	(adj.) (contrast to accidental_2B ) (see natural₁ ) necessary for something to be what it is

establish	(v.t.) (see confirm ) to make firm, stable, or standing 1. to set up A. for operation B. for recognition i. to set a precedent 2. to prove or demonstrate

esthetic	(adj.) affecting pleasure/displeasure

esthetics	(n.) rel. sbj. (subset of values) (superset or sibling set of ethics) 1. all values except ethics (therefore including pragmatics) 2. judgments of beauty vs. ugliness (therefore not including pragmatics)

eternal	(adj.) 1. having infinite time 2. atemporal A. having no temporal beginning or end B. having a temporal beginning but no temporal end (a created eternal) C. having no temporal beginning but a temporal end (a former eternal)

ethical

(adj.)

1. abs. conforming to an objective standard_1B for judging_2A whether certain willful actions should or should not be practiced

There is no denotative distinction between ethical₁ and moral. Conventional usage slants "ethical" connotations toward business transactions and "moral" toward more emotional issues.

2. rel. conforming to an arbitrary standard_1B for judging_2A whether certain willful actions should or should not be practiced

ethics

(n.) rel. sbj. (subset of values) (subset or sibling set of esthetics) (contrast to morals , piety)
a standard_1B for distinguishing acceptable from unacceptable behavior in free-will beings, specifically willful acts which affect the rights or welfare of beings which feel pleasure/displeasure
Ethics are less relative than esthetics in the sense of being more temporally and culturally uniform. Ethics are less subjective than esthetics in the sense of being more universally agreed on.
1. that which should be done

A. that which should be done by a given sentient being at a given time

2. an ideal_2B code of conduct for an ideal_2B sentient being in an ideal_2B society

There is no way to know if absolute₁ and/or objective₂ ethics exist.

Absolute₁ ethics: an eternal uniform code of ethics
Absolute₁ ethics exist only if an absolute₁ evaluator exists.
Absolute₁ ethics affect the desires of the absolute evaluator the same at all times under all conditions.

Objective₂ ethics: a code of ethics remaining the same regardless of diverse opinions
Objective₂ ethics exist only if an absolute₁ evaluator exists.
Objective₂ ethics may affect the desires of the absolute evaluator differently at different times or under different conditions.

evaluate	(v.t.) 1. obj. to count or measure something quantifiable 2. sbj. to judge₂ the value₁ of something unquantifiable

evaluation	(n.) 1. obj. count or measurement of something quantifiable 2. sbj. judgment₂ of the value₁ of something unquantifiable (syn. opinion₂ )

evangelical	(adj.) an attribute of statements which attempt to persuade someone to believe something an attribute of persons who attempt to persuade others to believe what the evangelizer believes

event	(n.) (subset of fact₁ ) a particular localized temporal segment of reality_b An event exists by happening.

every	(adj.) 1. each of all 2. each interval of a specified number e.g. every third one, every other day

evidence	(n.) (contrast to proof) 1. the condition of being evident 2. something that makes the truth of a proposition evident A. grounds for belief

evident	(adj.) 1. easily perceived₁ by one of the senses (syn. apparent) 2. easily understood

evil	1. (adj.) ethically bad 2. (adj.) willfully causing undeserved displeasure 3. (n.) that which is ethically bad (contrast to sin) 4. (n.) that which causes undeserved displeasure

evolution	(n.) (see anagenesis , cladogenesis , orthogenesis) gradual changes₁ that take place over time 1. in a system 2. in a population of organisms I don't know how to talk about biological evolution without making either the dogmatic assertion that it needs an external transcendent Mind to get started, or the dogmatic assertion that it doesn't.

evolve	(v.i.) to change₁ gradually over time

exact	(adj.) (see accurate , precise) without difference or deviation from a standard

examination	(n.) 1. looking at or into carefully (syn. analysis) (see observation) A. in order to discover new facts 2. testing by looking at or into A. testing by questioning

examine	(v.t.) 1. to look at or into carefully (syn. analyze) (see observe) A. in order to discover new facts 2. to test by looking at or into A. to test by questioning

excell	(v.) 1. to be greater₂ than something else A. after having striven to be greater 2. to have more of a particular quality (usually a good quality) A. after having striven to have more of it

excellence	(n.) (syn. superiority) 1. being greater₂ than something else A. after having striven to be greater 2. having more of a particular quality (usually a good quality) A. after having striven to have more of it

excellent	(adj.) (syn. superior) (see better) 1. greater₂ than something else A. after having striven to be greater 2. having more of a particular quality (usually a good quality) A. after having striven to have more of it

excess	(see extreme , great) 1. (adj.) beyond what is reasonable A. (n.) amount, degree, or quantity beyond what is reasonable 2. (n.) amount, degree, or quantity by which one thing is more than another

exist	(v.i.) p.b.c. 1. to be 2. to be actual or real (but not necessarily material_1,2 ) as opposed to being possible₁ or imaginary₂

existence	(n.) p.b.c. 1. the state of being 2. the state of being actual or real (but not necessarily material_1,2 ) as opposed to being possible₁ or imaginary₂ 3. that which has a definable place in reality

expand	(v.i.) (ant. contract) to increase in at least one dimension

expect	(v.i.) (contrast to anticipate , predict) to think₂ something will happen 1. and want it to happen (see hope)

experience	1. (n.) a change in a property₂ of consciousness , including sense perception , emotion , and/or thought 2. (v.t.) to have an experience₁

experiment	(superset of test) 1. (n.) any action done to see what happens when it's done A. to prove a particular proposition or propositions 2. (v.i.) to perform an experiment₁

explain	(v.t.) 1. to make something appear understandable A. to make something understood 2. to state possible reason or reasons for something A. to state the correct reason or reasons for something

explanation	(n.) 1. something that makes something else appear understandable A. something that makes something else understood 2. a possible reason or reasons for something A. the correct reason or reasons for something An explanation may be so incorrect as to lead one further from truth.

explicit	(adj.) (contrast to special , specific) clearly stated, as opposed to implied₂ (syn. precise₂ ) (ant. implicit₁ )

express	literally: press out 1. (v.t.) to externalize thoughts and/or emotions 2. (adj.) exact 3. (n.) a method or service for transporting something quickly

extend	1. (v.t.) to stretch something in space and/or time 2. (v.t.) to occupy concrete₁ space/time 3. (v.i.) to be extended_1,2

extension	(n.) 1. part of something stretched out or added on 2. concrete₁ space/time as opposed to conceptual space/time of mathematics A. that property₂ of an object by which it occupies space/time

external	(adj.) (opposite: internal) 1. on the outside A. of the outer surface 2. originating from outside

externalize	(v.t.) (ant. internalize) to transfer from inside to outside (see express)

extraneous	(adj.) 1. being, coming, or acting from outside (syn. extrinsic₂ ) (opposite: intrinsic) 2. not relevant

extreme	1. (adj.) to a great degree A. to the greatest degree 2. (n.) something extreme₁

extrinsic	(adj.) 1. existing in something as a separable attribute (opposite: inherent) 2. being, coming, or acting from outside (syn. extraneous₁ ) (opposite: intrinsic)

facilitate	(v.t.) to make better (syn. help₁ , improve) 1. to make easier 2. to make more effective

fact	(n.) 1. ont. a particular localized moment of reality (superset of event) A. that reality which corresponds to a true proposition 2. epis. fact₁ expressed A. as a true proposition

faction	(n.) a group of people opposing_2B another group of people

faculty	(n.) 1. ability of an animal to do some particular thing e.g. one of the five senses A. an acquired faculty₁ e.g. speech 2. a subset of an organization of persons

faith

(n.)

1. a probability₂ judgment

A. according to apparent odds (denotatively indistinguishable from belief₁ )
i.e. normal probability judgment

B. against apparent odds
i.e. perception distorted by emotion

2. a willful decision to act as though a particular proposition or position₃ is true

A. according to apparent odds (denotatively indistinguishable from belief₂ )

B. against apparent odds

3. that position₃ referred to in 2

fake	1. (adj.) made to appear to be something else (syn. counterfeit) (compare to artificial) e.g. a toupee 2. (adj.) appearing to be something else e.g. a good toupee 3. (n.) something that is fake_1,2

fallacy	(n.) 1. falseness 2. an error in logical reasoning A. formal fallacy: a logical mistake making a deductive argument invalid B. informal fallacy: a stated implication that frequently (but not always) is untrue. e.g. Guilt by association: "He hangs out with bad kids, therefore he must be a bad kid."

fame	(n.) being known by many people (syn. glory₁ )

false	(adj.) 1. ont. not real 2. epis. not true

falsifiable

(adj.) able to be proven false

able to be proven false, but not able to be proven true (opposite: verifiable)
Ability to be proven false does not necessarily imply inability to be proven true.

e.g. All S are P can be proven false by finding an S which is not P.
All S are P can be proven true only by examining all S and finding none which are P.
Some S are P can be proven true by finding one S which is a P.
Some S are P can be proven false only by examining all S and finding none which are P, or by examining all P and finding none which are S.

If a statement is falsifiable but not verifiable, then burden of proof rests on him who says it is false.

familiar	(adj.) recognized because of repeated association

far

rel. (adj.) (opposite: near) a relationship of two things that are separate
All examples are relatively speaking.

1. having much of some dimension between them (superset of distant₂ )

e.g. The moon is far from the Earth.
The Jurassic is far from the Cenozoic.

A. having much of some dimension between self and other

e.g. The moon is far away.
The Jurassic is far from the present.

2. having more of some dimension between self and other

e.g. the far side of the moon
the far past

3. having more of some abstraction between them
e.g. The king is far from the peasant.

fasten	(syn. attach) (see adhere) 1. (v.i.) to connect and be unable to disconnect except by unfastening (see bind , hold) 2. (v.t.) to cause to fasten₁

fatalism	(n.) (partial determinism_2C ) the theory that a given event is determined to happen, but one or more of the following is not determined: the agent by which it happens the object to which it happens the time in which it happens the place in which it happens

fate	(n.) (syn. destiny) (see determinism , potential) that which happens of necessity e.g. death and taxes 1. that which necessarily will happen 2. that which happens because it is determined 3. that which has happened because it was determined Other than logical and physical necessity, this concept cannot be shown to exist, except relative to a given truth. e.g. If A, then B will happen.

favor	1. (v.i.) to prefer one thing over another 2. (v.t.) to give preferential treatment 3. (n.) liking something more than something else (syn. preference) A. preferential treatment (syn. grace₂ ) i. something done because of preferential treatment

favorable	(adj.) 1. worthy of favor 2. judged worthy of favor

fear	1. (n.) that emotion which induces action to avoid displeasure or death (opposite: courage) (see terror) 2. (v.i.) to experience motivation to avoid displeasure or death 3. (v.t.) to experience motivation to avoid something likely to cause displeasure or death

few	(adj.) (opposite: many) small in quantity, but not necessarily in magnitude (see less)

fewer	(adj.) (opposite: more) comparative of few

fewest	(adj.) (opposite: most) superlative of few (see least)

fiction	(n.) (superset of hypothesis) something imaginary created for a purpose

figure	1. (n.) the shape of an object A. defined by its outline seen from a given viewpoint 2. (v.i.) to process a data (syn. calculate) (see think)

figure out	(v.t.) to figure₂ successfully

find	(v.t.) (see discover) 1. to learn the location of something 2. to get by searching

finite set

(n.) a set with a finite amount of elements, and all of its elements are theoretically countable
All finite sets have countable elements, but not all sets with countable elements are finite. (see infinite set).

e.g. If set A has no elements: A = { }, they are countable: Zero! A is the null set.
If set A has three elements: x, y, z: A = {x,y,z}, they are obviously countable.
If set A consists of all the atoms in the universe, they are still theoretically countable. i.e. If set A consists of an unknown number of elements, it is written: A = {1,2,3...n} where n stands for an unknown whole number, in this case greater than 3. The last atom in the universe is number n.
If we include specific fractions, we can still count them: {0, ¼, ½, ¾, 1...n}.
But if we include all the rational numbers, we can't count them, because there are an infinite amount of fractional numbers, even between zero and 1.

firm	(adj.) not easily changed 1. not easily moved

first	(adj.) (opposite last) preceding all others in a series or hierarchy

fix	(v.t.) 1. to alter something to be as desired 2. to restore to functionality 3. to make firm A. to make immobile

fixed	(adj.) 1. altered to be as desired 2. restored to functionality 3. firm A. immobile

flaw	(n.) 1. obj. an impurity (see pure) A. a deviation in a pattern B. a deviation from a given standard 2. sbj. a disliked part or attribute of something

flex	(v.) 1. to bend something easily bendable 2. to contract without breaking

focus	1. (n.) concentration of something that has direction A. concentrated attention B. concentrated electromagnetic waves i. a concentrated ray 2. (n.) that point or area resulting from focus₁ 3. (n.) visual appearance that most closely approximates physical reality 4. (v.i.) to be or become in a state of focus_1,2 5. (v.t.) to cause to be in a state of focus_1,2

follow	(v.t.) (syn. succeed₁ ) (ant. lead) to come next after₁ another

force	(contrast to: constrain) 1. (v.t.) to make a change happen (denotatively synonymous with cause₁ ) A. to cause something that is resistant to being caused (syn. compel) 2. (n.) ability to cause (syn. power₁ , connotatively, coercive power) A. transferred motion

forgive

(v.t.) (see mercy)

1. to refrain from punishing someone who has committed an offense₁ against you
a. i.e. an undeserved offense
b. i.e. a deserved offense

2. to stop being angry at someone who has committed an offense against you
a. i.e. an undeserved offense
b. i.e. a deserved offense

Forgiveness can occur for deserved as well as undeserved offenses.
An offendee can forgive₁ an offender without forgiving₂, or vice versa.
But even if punishment is believed to be for an offender's benefit, the offendee cannot both punish the offender and claim to be forgiving₁ him.

form	(n.) 1. the shape and structure of a substance or object as opposed to its compositional₁ matter (see configuration) A. visual representation B. style as opposed to content 2. an abstracted ideal₁ of a substance or object (Plato)

foundation

(n.) that on which something exists

1. that on which something is built
A. physically

e.g. the foundation of a house

i. the lowest part of it (syn. base)
ii. the thing under it

B. temporally

e.g. Greece being the foundation of democracy

i. the earliest part or example of it
ii. the thing that preceeded it

2. abstract: that on which something depends
A. for its existence
B. to meet some relevant condition

fraction	(n.) 1. any division of something (superset of part) (contrast to subset) A. seen as a complete unit (part₁ ) e.g. an engine being part₁ of a car B. not seen as a complete unit (see fragment below) e.g. the front quarter of a car 2. a division of a whole number

fragment	(n.) a randomly or arbitrarily delineated fraction_1B of something, which has been removed from it (see part₂ )

free	(adj.) 1. not bound 2. not restrained

free will	(n.) ability to do or not do

frequent	(adj.) recuring often at brief intervals

front	1. (n.) (opposite: back₁ ) the side of a two sided object that is: A. more active or functional B. closer to the viewer 2. (adj.) at the front₁ side: (opposite: back₂ ) A. the more active or functional side B. the side closer to the viewer

fulfill	(v.t.) 1. to sufficiently meet_1A a set of requirements (syn. satisfy) 2. to bring to an end (syn. complete)

function

(n.)1.  a normal characteristic action of something
A.  an essential action of a thing which makes that thing what it is
B.  a normal1 characteristic action of a thing without which that thing would be considered defective
C.  a normal characteristic, but unessential action of a thing
2.  a thing that depends on and varies with something else   (see relation1B )
A.  a variable quantity that depends on and varies with another variable quantity

functional	(adj.) 1. able to act normally A. able to act as designed 2. useful

functionality	(n.) 1. ablility to act normally A. ablility to act as designed 2. usefulness

future	(adj.) (subset of time) This concept is interdependent with its siblings, present₂ and past. None of them can be understood except in relation to each other. existing or happening after_1A the present₂

the future	(n.) the time period after_1A the present₂

gas	1. (n.) the form of matter_1B such that the atoms or molecules can move away from adjacent atoms or molecules (compare to liquid , solid) A. and fill any container in which they exist 2. (v.t.) to administer gas₁

gather	(v.t.) (see collect , join) 1. to cause to come together from various places 2. to acquire₁ several things gradually

general	(adj.) 1. of or from the whole or all (as opposed to particular₁ or local) A. applying to a whole category 2. plentiful A. existing in many places (syn. common_3a ) B. occurring often (syn. common_3b ) 3. epis. describing overall features and lacking details (see vague) (ant. precise₃ )

generic	(adj.) 1. non-specific A. including all members of a set B. being any one of all members of a set 2. having the attributes of all members of a set A. having all of the attributes of all members of a set (mixed) B. having only those attributes common to all members of a set

genuine	(adj.) (ant. artificial , counterfeit) 1. being what it appears to be e.g. What appears to be gold is genuine if it's gold. 2. being what it is said to be (adj.) (see authentic₁ ) e.g. What is said to be gold is genuine if it's gold.

get

(v.t.) (syn. acquire)

1. (act.) to come to a state of having (see take)
A. actively: by means of effort
e.g. to get a job, a car, a house
B. passively: without effort
e.g. to get pregnant

2. (pass.) to come to a state of being had
A. actively: by means of effort
e.g. to get on a bus, get addicted,
B. passively: without effort
e.g. to get cheated, rained on

3. to come to be in a particular condition or situation
e.g. to get home; get to work; get wet

give	(v.t.) (see surrender) to transfer possession of something from self to other 1. without compensation

glory	(n.) 1. being known by many people (syn. fame) 2. a big deal made about something for its importance (see praise) A. admiration gained by doing something important B. honor gained by doing something important

god	(n.) 1. a supernatural personal being (see spirit₂ ) whose existence is hypothesized by a cultural group, and who is worshipped by some 2. an image of a god₁ 3. any object of adoration

God

(n.) ambiguous

1. the Supreme Being (assumed to be personal)

2. the being (assumed to be personal) who created this universe

3. the being (assumed to be personal) who created mankind

4. an assumed personal being to whom mankind is accountable

5. the God of Abraham

(who may be further subdivided according to world view)

Even with a capital G, the term is so ambiguous that it may be all or any combination of the above.

6. pop. that than which nothing greater can be imagined (see perfect)
This definition fails for lack of an objective quality₂ of greatness.

good

p.b.c. (adj.) (comparative: better) (superlative: best) (see pleasure / displeasure)
one of the two primary values (opposite: bad)
commonly divided into esthetic and ethical good (in which case pragmatic good is a subset of esthetic good)
It can also be divided into esthetic, pragmatic , and ethical good.

1. sbj. accepted, liked or preferred

2. obj. accepted, liked or preferred by the Supreme Being
I dare you to come up with a more workable definition.

good and evil	(adj.) Good and evil exist subjectively and objectively. sbj. Good is pleasure; evil is displeasure. obj. Good is deserved pleasure and deserved displeasure. obj. Evil is undeserved pleasure and undeserved displeasure. What is deserved is that quantity of pleasure or displeasure that one expected to cause by his willful actions.

grace	(n.) (see essay: Justice, Law, Mercy, Grace) 1. beauty, usually of motion 2. preferential treatment (syn. favor_3a ) A. unmerited favor (a superset of mercy₂ ) (contrast to justice) B. unrequired favor (a superset of mercy₃ ) Grace₂ has two abstract locations: a dispensing end, and a receiving end. 3. pop. name commonly given to a prayer before a meal

gracious	(adj.) (a superset of merciful₂ dispensing favor_3a 1. dispensing unmerited favor 2. dispensing unrequired favor

graph	1. (n.) a grid on which quantifiable data is represented by its position 2. (n.) to put data into the form of a graph₁

graphic	(adj.) 1. a in the form of a graph 2. two dimensional representation (see write) 3. containing more than the expected amount of visual imagery

great	rel. (adj.) more than ordinary or expected Great + much constitute a p.b.c. 1. obj. in some measurable attribute e.g. size, weight, speed, quantity 2. sbj. in some particular quality₂ e.g. importance, popularity, goodness, fame An absolute quality₂ of greatness cannot be shown to exist or not exist.

greater	rel. (adj.) (comparative of great) a p.b.c. definable only by its synonym: more 1. obj. in some measurable attribute (see quantity , magnitude) 2. sbj. in some particular quality₂ (syn. better)

greatest	rel. (adj.) (superlative of great) a p.b.c. definable only by its synonym: most 1. obj. in some measurable attribute (see quantity , magnitude) 2. sbj. in some particular quality₂ (syn. best)

grid	(n.) (see graph) a two dimensional surface containing two sets of parallel lines at right angles

group	(n.) (see set) more than two things perceived as a unit

guarantee	1. (n.) (see security) a statement imposing a penalty on a promiser if he fails to keep his promise 2. (v.t.) to make a guarantee₁

guide	1. (v.t.) to show or point the way (syn. conduct , lead₃ ) A. to channel motion 2. (n.) something that shows the way A. something that channels motion

habit	(n.) (see manner , custom) a usual and/or repeated practice of an individual

happen	(v.i.) to take place (syn. occur₃ ) Anything that happens is an event. 1. to take place by chance₂ (see accident)

happiness	(n.) (opposite: sadness) the most pleasant emotion that emotion which causes the most desire for it to continue It is denotatively synonymous with joy and pleasure₁ regardless of what causes it. Connotatively, it is more caused by circumstance than joy, and less caused by sensation than pleasure.

happy	(adj.) (opposite: sad) experiencing happiness, joy, and/or pleasure₁

harm	(compare to hurt) 1. (v.i.) to diminish functionality 2. (n.) diminished functionality

harmony	(n.) arrangement that is pleasant to one or more of the senses

hate

(v.t. and n.) (denotatively synonymous with anger) (opposite: love)
1. a subset of emote (v.t.), or emotion (n.)

A. being displeased by the hated object
B. desiring to harm the hated object
C. desiring to be away from the hated object

2. a subset of willful effort
A. effort to harm the hated object
B. effort to be away from the hated object

3. a psychological relationship that tends to generate, or be generated by hate₁ and tends to generate hate₂

have	(v.t.) p.b.c. There's no point in trying to define it. (see acquire , hold , possess)

heart	(n.) 1. the part of an animal which pumps blood 2. pop. a metaphorical part of a person such that to believe₁ something "in one's heart" is somehow greater than believing it "in one's head" (see Christian₂ ) Until I see this metaphor clearly articulated, I dismiss the distinction as bogus.

hedonism	(n.) 1. the value₁ system which regards pleasure as the highest value (superset of materialism₂ ) 2. the psychological theory that pleasure is the ultimate motivator of willful decisions 3. pleasure seeking as a way of life (which makes perfect sense to those who have enough foresight to seek that which will ultimately give them the most pleasure for the duration of their existence)

height	(n.) 1. highness A. degree of highness 2. distance measured from the center of the Earth 3. vertical length (syn. tallness) (perpendicular to depth and width)

help	1. (v.t.) to make better (syn. improve , facilitate) A. to make easier B. to make more effective 2. (v.t.) to join in effort 3. (n.) anything that helps_1,2

here	(opposed to there) 1. (n.) this location 2. (adv.) at or to this location (see present_1Ai )

heresy

(n.)

1. thought contrary to a given standard

A. abs. thought contrary to truth

B. rel. thought contrary to a given world view or paradigm

2. teaching contrary to a given standard

A. abs. teaching contrary to truth

B. rel. teaching contrary to a given world view or paradigm

e.g. The religion of Abraham is heresy_2B relative to the previous Canaanite religions. Christianity is heresy_2B relative to Judaism.
Islam is heresy_2B relative to Judaism and Christianity.

hiatus	(n.) (see boundary) a location (without thickness) where one thing stops and another starts A hiatus can be a point , line , or plane

hierarchy	(n.) a system of order₃ arranged in levels of some criterion types of criteria: category: kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species rank: general, colonel, major, captain, lieutenant The criterion may also be subjective or arbitrary.

high

rel. (n. = height) High and its opposite: low , cannot be defined except in relation to each other. Therefore high/low constitues a p.b.c.

1. (adv.) distant from a point which is regarded as the lowest possible
e.g. the center of the earth
A. very so distant
B. more so distant than the person judging highness
C. more so distant than usual or expected

e.g. jumping high

2. (adj.) being distant from a point which is regarded as the lowest possible (ant. deep_2A)
e.g. the center of the earth
A. being very so distant
B. being more so distant than the person judging highness
C. being more so distant than usual or expected

e.g. a high jump

3. (adv.) of rank: near to the highest possible place in a hierarchy
e.g. the ruler
A. very so near
B. nearer than the person judging highness

4. (adj.) of rank: being near to the highest possible place in a hierarchy
e.g. the ruler
A. being very so near
B. being nearer than the person judging highness

hold	1. (v.t.) (superset of restrain , restrict) (see bind , fasten , possess , retain) to have and prevent from doing something A. to prevent something from acting B. to prevent something from falling or slipping 2. (v.i.) to remain still, firm, or steady

hollow	(adj.) (compare to empty) 1. of three dimensional objects containing space/time and gas (usually air), but not containing liquid or solid material 2. sunk below the surrounding surface (syn. concave)

holy	(adj.) 1. relating to God or a god A. set apart for religious use (syn. sacred) 2. pop. relating to something considered spiritual or supernatural 3. sbj. woo woo

honest	(adj.) 1. not unethical 2. not lying

honesty	(n.) 1. refraining from unethical activity 2. refraining from lying (see integrity₃ )

honor

1.  (v.t.)  to think2 something is ethically good   (see praise , respect1 )

A.  to think something deserves preservation
2.  (v.t.)  to behave toward something as though one thinks it's ethically good

A.  to behave toward something as though one thinks it deserves preservation

B.  to behave formally toward

C.  to behave submissively toward
3.  (n.)  appearance of being ethically good   (see dignity)

A.  being ethically good

B.  deserving preservation

hope

1. desire

A. (v.t.) to want something to be true
i. to want something to happen

B. (n.) desire for something to be true
ii. a desire for something to happen

Hope₁ is unrelated to expectation. If you want something to happen, you hope₁ it will happen whether you expect it to or not.

2. desire + expect

A. (v.t.) to want & expect something to be true
i. to want & expect something to happen

B. (n.) desire & expectation for something to be true
ii. a desire & expectation for something to happen

This is a case of a single term labeling a merger of two distinct concepts as though they were one. It can cause confusion. e.g. A hopeless goal has no chance, therefore generates no expectation, but can be highly desired.

horizon	(n.) the edge₂ where the Earth appears to meet the sky

horizontal	(adj.) parallel to the horizon (perpendicular to vertical)

how	(subset of what) 1. (adv.) in what manner e.g. how it happened, how you behave A. in what state or condition e.g. how it looks, how are you? 2. (adv.) by what means e.g. how it is done, how it works, how it got here A. for what reason e.g. how can you say that? 3. (adj.) to what degree e.g. how high, how pretty, how broken A. what price e.g. how much

human being	(n.) (arguably a subet of animal) I know of no attributive definition of human being that successfully distinguishes them from all other primates. The term can be defined genetically as anything descended from the first human being. But defining the first human being has the same problem. Only religious traditions offer any solution - dogmatic ones.

humility

(n.) (subset of attitude_3,4 ) (opposite: pride)

1. an emotion/opinion of one's own inferiority (justified or not)
Humility₁ is an unavoidable side effect of the belief₁ that you are doing poorly.

2. an attitude₄ of subservience, generally expressed for the purpose of getting what you want from people who probably wouldn't give it to you if they knew your real self opinion

3. restraint of arrogant self expression

humility / pride	(n.) (subset of attitude_3,4 ) a pair of opposite attitudes_3,4 therefore generating emotions closely aligned with fear/courage

hurt	(compare to harm) to cause displeasure 1. to cause pain

hypothesis	(n.) (subset of fiction) (see ad hoc) a proposition or thesis proposed as possibly true before it is tested (logically or empirically) enough to be called a theory A hypothesis cannot presuppose anything contrary to known fact. Any statement that does so is bogus.

idea	(n.) 1. a unit of thought (syn. concept) 2. a universal₁ or eternally real ₁ object (Plato) 3. a synonym for the Absolute (Hegel)

ideal	(adj.) 1. pertaining to ideas₁ 2. mental 3. sbj. axiologically best (see perfect₄ ) A. esthetically ideal: completely satisfying one's esthetic preferences B. ethically ideal: the way reality should be

idealism

(n.) (contrast to realism)

1. any system or doctrine whose fundamental interpretive principle₂ is ideal₁

A. the theory that perceived objects cannot be shown to exist outside the mind (ant. materialism₁ )
two main types of idealism_1A:

objective idealism_1A (usually pantheistic)

subjective idealism_1A (usually many minds, one Supreme Mind)

B. the mind-body view that mind (soul/spirit) is all there is to humanness (opposite: materialism_1B )

2. axiological idealism: any system or doctrine whose ultimate value or significance is to achieve ideal₃ (ant. axiological realism)

identical	p.b.c. (adj.) (syn. same) (contrast to similar) 1. ont. being the same thing 2. epis. appearing to be the same thing A. appearing to be one thing seen at two different times B. two things having no apparent differences

identify	(v.t.) (This + recognize constitute a p.b.c.) to recognize something as what it is

identity	(n.) what something is , as opposed to the fact of its existence

identity over time	(n.) All physical objects and some abstractions are in transition. Identity over time consists of: 1. a uniformity of form and content within a given time range 2. an unbroken and overlapping sequence of these uniformity periods

ignorance	(n.) not having data. as opposed to: unintelligence: not being able to process data inattention: having data, being able to process it, and failing to stupidity: having data, processing it, and not acting accordingly

imaginary	(adj.) (superset of fictitious) 1. existing in a mind (superset of possible) e.g. a memory of a real event a speculated future event A. existing only in a mind e.g. mermaid counter example: Square circle is not even an imaginary concept because it cannot be imagined. 2. not real or actual by whatever definition of those terms one means to exclude

imagine	(v.) to think creatively and speculatively

immanent	(adj.) dwelling in or present with

immediate	(adj.) lit. without intermediary not separated 1. in time (see instant) 2. in space

immitate	(v.t.) 1. to act_1A like something else acts A. to try to appear to be something else (syn. pretend₂ ) 2. to appear to be something else

immutable	(adj.) 1. not changing (constant_1,2 ) A. not changing within a finite time period B. not changing within an indefinite time period C. never changing 2. not able to change A. not able to change within a finite time period B. not able to change within an indefinite time period C. never able to change

impede	(v.t.) (see obstruct) , (prevent) 1. to make difficult A. to make action difficult 2. to cause a delay

impediment	(n.) (see obstruction) 1. something that makes something difficult A. something that makes action difficult 2. something that makes causes delay

implicit	(adj.) 1. implied₂ though not plainly expressed (ant. explicit) 2. necessarily involved, though not plainly expressed (confused with inherent)

imply	(v.t.) (contrast to infer) 1. logically imply: to have as a necessary part or consequence e.g. (If A then B) means (A implies B). A. to appear to logically imply something 2. to suggest or hint

important	(adj.) (contrast to pertinent , relevant) (sbj.) very significant₂

improve	(v.t.) (syn. help₁ ) to make better

in	1. (adj. prep.) not out In + out constitute a p.b.c., each definable only in opposition to the other A. within a defined category i. within an enclosed space 2. (adv.) (see inner) toward center A. from out of a defined category to not out of it i. from out of an enclosed space to not out of it

inattention	(n.) having data, being able to process it, and failing to. as opposed to: ignorance: not having data unintelligence: not being able to process data stupidity: having data, processing it, and not acting accordingly

incomposite	(adj.) (opposite: composite) (contrast to simple) containing no parts

incorrigible	(adj.) (opposite: corrigible) 1. not able to be changed 2. not willing to be changed Connotatively the change implies improvement.

increase	(opposite: decrease) 1. (v.i.) to become more 2. (v.t.) to cause to become more 3. (n.) the fact of increasing 4. (n.) the amount of increase Increase can happen in a quality or quantity.

increment	(n.) (opposite: decrement) 1. a specific amount of increase 2. the quantity by which a variable₃ increases

indeterminism	(n.) (opposite: determinism) the theory that the universe is constituted such that some events are not the inevitable consequence of antecedent causes

index	1. (n.) something that indicates the presence of something else A. by pointing to it i. an ordered list 2. (v.t.) to put in an ordered list

indexical	(adj.) of, or serving as an index

indicate	(v.t.) (see denote , signify , that , this) 1. to direct₁ attention to 2. to give evidence of: A. the truth of a particular proposition B. a fact e.g. Smoke indicates fire.

indication	(n.) (see sign) 1. something that directs attention to 2. something that gives evidence of: A. the truth of a particular proposition B. a fact e.g. Smoke is an indication of fire.

indifference	(n.) (syn. apathy) not caring, usually about some particular thing

indistinct	(adj.) (opposite: distinct) 1. not different from something next to it A. appearing to be so 2. similar to other things A. appearing to be so 3. having vague degrees of existence (see blur)

induce	(v.t.) 1. to reason: A. to generalizations from observing facts (particulars) B. to the next particular from observing past particulars 2. to make an action happen (subset of cause) 3. to cause an electric or magnetic effect in a body by exposing it to a variation in a field of force 4. to motivate a free-will being to want to do something (syn. persuade₁ )

induction

(n.) (subset of logic) (contrast to deduction) (see probability)

1. reasoning to generalizations (sometimes universals_1Bii ) from observing facts (particulars) Sometimes called scientific or empirical₁ logic

e.g. All observed examples of A are B. Therefore A is generally B.
Most observed examples of A are B. Therefore A is generally B.

2. reasoning to the next particular from observing past particulars

e.g. Most previous examples of A were B.
Therefore the next example of A will probably be B.

3. reasoning to probable antecedents from observing multiple consequents

e.g. B usually follows A. Therefore A probably causes B.

Induction yields a certain conclusion only when all possible examples yield that conclusion - in which case it becomes deduction.

inerrant	(adj.) (opposite: errant) 1. containing no relevant errors₁ A. containing no errors₁ 2. not misleading 3. not misled i.e. not making an error₂

inevitable	(adj.) (syn. caused , determined) happening of necessity rather than chance

infer	(v.t.) (contrast to imply) 1. to recognize a logical implication to reason from the known or assumed to a conclusion A. to think₂ something logically implies something 2. to think someone is suggesting or hinting

inference	(n.) 1. a thought, proposition or propositions inferred₁ 2. a thought, proposition or propositions inferred₂

infinite

(adj.) THE MOST ABUSED CONCEPT IN PHILOSOPHY

1. abs. without limit in at least one dimension

A. actually infinite: infinite at any moment in time

e.g. the set of all whole numbers

B. potentially infinite: having a limit at any moment in time, but infinite if continued eternally

This concept cannot be shown to exist or not exist.
I prefer to reject it in favor of "unknown finitude".

2. rel. beyond human ability to measure or comprehend

infinite set

(n.) a set with an infinite amount of elements, as opposed to a finite set
This includes all uncountable sets. e.g. the set of all rational numbers
It also includes some countable sets: e.g. the set of whole numbers, written: {0,1,2,3... } , the set of even numbers: {2,4,6... } , odd numbers: {1,3,5... }. The elipsis on the right end indicates that the set continues. The lack of a character after the elipsis indicates that it continues forever.

infinity	(n.) 1. abs. dimension without limit or boundaries 2. rel. dimension beyond human ability to measure or comprehend

influence	(contrast to affect , cause , motivate , persuade) (n.) one of several factors which when combined motivates, persuades, or becomes a sufficient causal condition (see authority) (v.t.) to act as one of several factors which when combined motivates, persuades, or becomes a sufficient causal condition

inform	(v.t.) (see communicate) to transmit data (may be correct or incorrect)

information	(n.) transmitted data (may be correct or incorrect)

inhabit	(v.t.) (see live , reside) 1. to occupy 2. to occupy sometimes as a base of operations

inherent	(adj.) (opposite: extrinsic₁ ) (contrast to intrinsic) existing in something as an inseparable attribute (confused with implicit)

inner	(adj.) (opposite: outer) (see in) 1. toward the center 2. rel. nearer to a given point than something else

inorganic	(adj.) of matter: lacking sufficient complexity to be called organic A. not made of carbon

inside	(adj. prep.) (opposite: outside) 1. the side nearer to the center 2. on the inside₁

instant	1. (adj.) soon to happen A. without delay (see immediate) 2. (n.) a brief interval of time (syn. moment) (subset of period)

instantiation	(n.) 1. a particular example of a general concept or principle₂ 2. a particular value₃ plugged into a variable₃

instrument	(n.) a thing by means of which something is done 1. a tool, usually for delicate work

integrity	(n.) 1. the quality or state of being complete 2. the quality or state of being unimpaired 3. the state of refusing to lie about yourself (see honesty₂) A. to someone on whom you are dependent (ant. sycophancy)

intelligence	(n.) ability to process data

intend	(v.t.) 1. to plan to do something 2. to want your actions to have a particular result A. to want your words to be interpreted as you desire

intended	(adj.) (opposite accidental) 1. planned 2. of results: wanted

intent	(n.) (syn. purpose) that which is intended (contrast to accident) 1. that which is planned (see deliberate) 2. a result which one desires from his actions A. how you want your words to be interpreted

inter	(v.t.) (see intern) to dispose of a dead body by putting it somewhere: 1. in the ground followed by burial 2. in a tomb

interactionism	(n.) (subset of dualism₃ ) (sibling set of parallelism , occasionalism , pre-established harmony) the mind-body view that brain and mind are non-predetermined separate realities that interact. One may exist temporarily without the other.

interment	(n.) (see internment) disposing of a dead body by putting it somewhere: 1. in the ground followed by burial 2. in a tomb

intern	(v.t.) (see inter) to put something in something and shut it in 1. to lock something up

internal	(adj.) (opposite: external) 1. on the inside 2. originating from inside

internalize	(v.t.) (ant. externalize) 1. to transfer from outside to inside 2. to keep inside

internment	(n.) (see interment) putting something in something and shutting it in 1. locking something up

interpret

(v.t.) (similar to judge)
to identify:

1. the meaning of perceived data

2. the intended_2A meaning of a verbal expression (regardless of its length)

Interpreting is an art (not science) because it includes intuition as well as logic. Interpretation₂ has no affect on literal meaning. A statement which is literally a lie remains a literal lie regardless of the truth of the intended meaning, and v.v.

intersect

(v.) (subset of meet)
1. of lines and linear objects

A. to meet and continue
i. in space

e.g. two lines in the form of an X
In the form of an L they don't intersect.

ii. in space/time

e.g. to meet and continue across a boundary
two light beams passing through each other

2. (of plural sets) to contain some of the same elements

e.g. If set A = {v,w,x} and set B = {x,y,z} , then sets A and B intersect, because both contain x.

intersection

(n.)
1. the place where two lines or linear objects meet and continue

A. in space

e.g. where two lines meet in the form of an X
In the form of an L it's not intersection.

B. in space/time

e.g. meeting and continuing across a boundary
two light beams passing through each other

2. (of plural sets) containing some of the same elements
Symbol: ∩ The intersection of set A and set B is written: A ∩ B .

e.g. If set A = {v,w,x} and set B = {x,y,z} , then x is the intersection of A and B. Symbolically: x = A ∩ B

interval	(n.) (see length) that which exists between two points 1. in time (see period) 2. in space (see distance)

intrinsic	(adj.) (opposite: extrinsic₂ , extraneous₁ ) (contrast to inherent) being, coming, or acting from inside

intuit	(v.) 1. to arrive at a belief₁ without having consciously reasoned₁ to it 2. to know something without having sufficient data to know it rationally

intuition	(n.) 1. belief₁ unsupported by conscious reason₁ing but possibly supported by sub-conscious reasoning 2. knowledge without known rational support but possibly with unknown rational support Intuition is not categorically opposed to reason. The degree to which intuition has proven reliable is the degree to which it is rational to rely on it.

inverse

(adj. and n.) (denotatively synouymous to reverse) (opposite as opposed to direct)
1. opposite in location

e.g. Mirror images are inverse images relative to the reflective surface.

2. opposite in direction

e.g. Mirror images are inverse images relative to right and left.

3. opposite in order

e.g. 1,2,3,4 inverts to 4,3,2,1

4. opposite in proportion

e.g. Two variable quantities are in inverse proportion if one increases by the same amount that the other decreases.

invest	(v.t.) 1. to abstractly cover - as with vestments A. to bestow power, priviledge, or authority 2. to spend resources expecting a pleasant result A. to spend money expecting a profit

investment	(v.t.) 1. abstract covering - as with vestments A. bestowal of power, priviledge, or authority 2. spending resources expecting a pleasant result (see risk) A. spending money expecting a profit

irrational	(adj.) not logically coherent₂ (ant. rational₁ )

(v.t.) a p.b.c., but there are three kinds of it based on philosophical categories:

1. is identical to (ontological)

e.g. A nickel is identical to a nickel.
A particular nickel is identical to that particular nickel.

2. is in the category of (epistemological)

e.g. A nickel is in the category of money, metal things, etc.

3. is equivalent to (axiological)

e.g. A nickel is equivalent to 5 pennies, half a dime, etc.

A difference that makes no difference:
is₁ definitely a difference.
is₂ possibly no difference at all depending on context.
is₃ definitely no difference at all.

There are two kinds of is based on necessity:
1. is necessarily (see necessary₁ )

e.g. laws and axioms of logic, math, and geometry

e.g. A = A.
2 + 2 = 4.
Two angles equal to the same angle are equal to each other.

A. is necessarily in our present universe

e.g. Water is 2 parts hydrogen and 1 part oxygen.

2. is accidentally (see accident₂ )

e.g. The book is on the shelf.
Fried chicken is on my mind.

These categories can be subdivided further, but there's no point in doing it here.

isolate	(v.t.) 1. to set something apart (syn. separate_2A ) A. from other things like it B. from a variety of other things 2. to make alone

issue	(v.i.) 1. (v.i.) to come or go out (syn. emerge) A. to be genetically descended from 2. (v.t.) to bring, put, let, or give out (see publish) 3. (n.) something brought put, let, or given out A. a question or problem to be disputed and/or decided (see matter_1A )

join	(see combine , meet_1,2 ) 1. (v.i.) to come together physically A. and touch₁ (see connect₁ ) i. and fasten to (see unite) 2. (v.t.) to come together abstractly e.g. to join a club 3. (v.t.) to cause to come together physically (see gather) A. and touch i. and fasten to

joint	1. (n.) a place where two things join₁ A. a part that connects two parts 2. (adj.) joined₂ abstractly 3. (adj.) common to two or more entities

joy	(n.) (v. enjoy) (opposite: sorrow) the most pleasant emotion It is denotatively synonymous with happiness and pleasure₁ regardless of what causes it. Connotatively, it is less caused by circumstance than happiness, and less caused by sensation than pleasure.

judge

1.  (v.t.)  to interpret 
A.  general and universal concepts
B.  particulars, including, but not limited to, concepts, perceived data, probability, propositions, and arguments
2.  (v.t.)  to evaluate2 the above particulars
A.  to evaluate2 sentient beings
i.  for reward or punishment
3.  (v.t.)  to choose between alternatives   (syn. decide2 )
4.  (v.t.)  to declare one's judgment of the above
5.  (n.)  a sentient being who judges1,2,3   (syn. arbiter)

judgment

(n.)

1. that mental faculty which interprets

A. general and universal concepts

B. particulars, including, but not limited to, concepts, perceived data, probability , propositions, and arguments

2. evaluation of the above particulars (see opinion₂ )

A. specifically of sentient beings

i. for reward or punishment

3. choice between alternatives (syn. decision₂ )

All judgments concerning truth and probability are involuntary.
Some judgments concerning values are voluntary.
A voluntary judgment which appears to concern truth or probability is actually a value judgment overstepping its legitimate bounds.
4. legal decision, verdict

Judgment Day	(n.) a time (which may or may not ever come) when free-will creatures get rewarded or punished according to: 1. justice 2. some criteria other than justice

just	(adj.) 1. only, merely 2. of justice A. producing justice B. containing justice C. resulting in justice

justice

(n.) (contrast to law₃ ) (see essay: Justice, Law, Mercy, Grace)

1. abs. ethical₁ balance, impartiality, fairness
Justice has two abstract locations: a dispensing end, and a receiving end.

A. that which is deserved (contrast to grace , mercy)
i.e. the same pleasure to displeasure ratio that one has expected to cause in one's sphere of influence by one's willful actions

i. dispensing: giving people what they deserve

ii. receiving: getting what one deserves

B. non-violation of rights_2A

i. dispensing: behaving so as not to violate the rights of any being having rights

ii. receiving: not having one's rights violated

2. rel. pop. equitable cheating
A. dispensing: cheating everybody equally
B. receiving: everybody gets cheated equally

justice system	(n.) a system that produces justice There is no justice system on Earth. The best approximation is a good legal system.

justification	(n.) 1. making just₂ A. showing to be just₂ 2. having sufficient reason₃ A. to believe₁ a proposition is true B. to know₃ a proposition is true 3. showing sufficient reason₃ A. for a proposition to be believed₁ B. for a proposition to be known₃ 4. lining up

justify	(v.t.) 1. to make just₂ A. to show to be just₂ 2. to show sufficient reason₃ A. for a proposition to be believed₁ B. for a proposition to be known₃ 3. to line up

keep	1. (v.t.) to have something A. and not let go of it (see hold , possess , retain) B. and care for it i. and not let it change 2. to continue as is (syn. remain , stay) A. in the same condition i. doing the same action B. in the same place

kill	(v.t.) 1. to destroy life A. to destroy a particular life or lives 2. to make something active inactive

kinetic	(adj.) (see dynamic) relating to motion 1. caused by motion (ant. static₂ )

kind	1. a subset of a superset (syn. type₁ ) A. distinguised by attributes e.g. A dog is a kind of carnivore, pet, furry thing, etc. B. distinguised by genetics e.g. A dog is a kind of canine, mammal, vertebrate, etc. 2. (adj.) (syn. beneficent) producing improved condition

know	(v.) to assume_1A what must₁ be assumed All that is known is true. If you think₂ you know, but you're wrong, you didn't know. How you know when you know is not among the things I know. types of knowing: 1. immediate e.g. to know that you exits, think, emote, preceive, will 2. categorical e.g. to recognize categories and patterns 3. rational e.g. to understand₁ logic and probability

knowledge

(n.) (see certainty , certitude , epistemology)
necessary assumption an assumption that must be made because a mind is compelled to make it
The relationship of knowledge to truth is as follows: All that is known is true. If you think₂ you know, but you're wrong, you didn't know.
How you know when you know is not among the things I know.
Knowledge is not an ability. It's an inability to do otherwise. I would have prefered a stronger definition, but have been unable to find or think of one. (see essay)
types of knowledge:
1. immediate knowledge

e.g. that you exits, think, emote, preceive, will

2. categorical knowledge

e.g. recognition categories and patterns

3. rational knowledge

e.g. understanding₁ logic and probability

language	(n.) a system of labeling, organizing, and expressing thoughts

large	(adj.) (comparative: larger) a p.b.c. definable only by its synonyms: big , huge, or in contrast to its opposite: small in reference to magnitude or size

last	(adj.) (opposite first) following all others in a series or hierarchy

law

(n.)

1. a proposition which is necessarily true
A. always

e.g. laws of logic, math, and geometry

B. usually

e.g. any example of statistical probability

2. a proposition describing observed reality

A. which has been true in all known instances of its being tested (compare to axiom)

e.g. physical laws, E = mc2

B. which has been true in most known instances of its being tested

e.g. What goes up must come down.

3. a rule of conduct (contrast to justice) (see essay: Justice, Law, Mercy, Grace)
A. made by an authority₃

B. made by mutual agreement

C. made by custom

laws of thought

(n.) (which should have been called laws of categories)
those propositions which are eternally and universally true of any concept or category:

law of identity: A thing is what it is. (A = A)

law of non-contradiction: A thing is not what it's not. (A doesn't = -A)

law of excluded middle: A thing either is or is not some particular thing.
(A = B) or (A doesn't = B)
i.e. There is no middle ground between a category and its complement.
It should have been called "law of excluded other" because there is no other alternative to (A = B) or (A doesn't = B).

lead	(v.t.) 1. to come or go first 2. to cause to follow 3. to show or point the way (syn. conduct , guide)

learn	(v.t.) (see discover) 1. to get knowledge 2. to fix in mind 3. to acquire as a habit

least	(adj.) (superlative of little) (comparative: less) a p.b.c. definable only by its synonyms: smallest, littlest, or in contrast to its opposite: most in reference to magnitude, but not quantity (see fewest)

legal	(adj.) 1. based on law 2. permitted by law A. authorized by law 3. not conflicting with law

length	(n.) (adj. long) (part of size) (superset of depth , height , width) an interval seen as a quantity of measurement units and/or fractions of those units

less	(adj.) (comparative of little) (superlative: least) a p.b.c. definable only by its synonyms: smaller, littler, or in contrast to its opposite: more in reference to magnitude, but not quantity (see few)

lessen	(syn. cut₂ , diminish_1,2 ) (see decrease_1,2 ) 1. (v.i.) to become less 2. (v.t.) to make less

liar	(n.) (contrast to deceiver) a sentient being who willfully attempts to deceive 1. a being who has willfully attempted to deceive 2. a being who is willfully attempting to deceive 3. a being who habitually willfully attempts to deceive A. a being who is known to habitually willfully attempted to deceive

license	(n.) (see right) 1. formal permission A. by an authority B. by law 2. a document stating that permission has been given

lie	1. (v.t.) to willfully attempt to deceive A. not specifically verbal B. specifically verbal 2. (n.) (see untruth) a willful action in attempt to deceive A. not specifically verbal B. specifically verbal

life	(n.) p.b.c. I have never seen a definition that includes all life forms and excludes all non-life forms.

like	1. (adj.) (syn. similar (see match) nearly the same thing A. ont. being nearly the same thing B. epis. appearing to be nearly the same thing 2. (prep.) similar to 3. (v.t.) (see love₁ , prefer) (subset of emote) A. enjoying the liked object B. desiring to benefit the liked object C. desiring to possess the liked object

limit	1. (n.) (syn. end₁ ) the farthest point or boundary on something A. (v.t.) to create or impose a limit₁ 2. (n.) (syn. end₂ ) the highest or lowest degree of something A. (v.t.) to create or impose a limit₂ 3. (v.t.) (syn. restrict) to hold within fixed boundaries

line	(n.) (superset of path) (part of plane) (see distance , length) the form_1A of a series of connected points or units

linear	(adj.) line shaped

linguistics	(n.) study of language , including phonology, morphology, semantics , syntax Types of linguistics: descriptive, historical, comparative, geographical

liquid	1. (n.) the form of matter_1B such that the atoms or molecules can move without friction relative to adjacent atoms or molecules (compare to gas , solid) 2. (adj.) able to flow A. flowing

literal	(adj.) (see meaning) pertaining to letters, words, or sentences 1. pertaining to letters 2. pertaining to words 3. pertaining to sentences

little	(adj.) (comparative: less) a p.b.c. definable only by its synonyms: small, minute, or in contrast to its opposite: big in reference to magnitude

live	(v.i.) 1. to have life 2. to inhabit , reside

local	(adj.) pertaining to location 1. characteristic of a particular location 2. confined to a particular location

locate	(v.t.) (syn. find) to learn the location of something

location	(n.) (see position) 1. a point or area in space A. in abstract space B. in physical space i. an area designated for a specific purpose 2. where something is A. abs. in the universe B. rel. relative to something

logic

(n.) Dictionaries say that logic is a set of principles₂ by which one may distinguish truth from falsity. They tell us what it does because they haven't figured out what it is.

Ontologically, logic is the sum of all that is eternally₁ and universally₁ true of the relationship of variables.

Epistemologically, logic is the verbal expression of ontological logic in the form of laws.

Epistemological logic necessarily exist in a mind or minds.
Ontological logic is that reality to which those laws correspond.
If it did not exist as laws, it would not be coherent.
If it did not exist in extension, those laws wouldn't correspond to empirical data.
Two subsets of logic: deduction and induction
Not all systems of thought are logical. There is no such thing as my logic vs. your logic. There is only logic (correctly or incorrectly applied). But logic may be expressed in different syntax, semantics, and systems of inference, for different purposes, for which it is given different names, e.g. formal, modal, epistemic, relational, etc.

logical positivism	(n.) a philosophical movement to unify the sciences by developing a language usable by all sciences

long	(adj.) (superset of deep , tall , wide) (opposite: short) large in length

love

(v.t. and n.) a very ambiguous term

1. a subset of emote (v.t.) (see like₃ ), or emotion (n.)
A. enjoying the love object
B. desiring to benefit the love object
C. desiring to possess the love object

2. a subset of willful effort
A. effort to benefit the love object
B. effort to possess the love object

Love_{1 or 2} is not a relationship, unless you count unilateral action as relationship.

e.g. Me loving you does not imply you loving me.

3. a psychological relationship that tends to generate, or be generated by love₁ and tends to generate love₂

This ambiguity causes some contradictory ideas about love.

e.g. Is it love if:
you want to keep something alive that would be better off dead?
you would destroy the love object if you can't possess it?

By what definition of love do the following make sense?
promising to love in a marriage vow
Horny teenage boy loves sexy cheerleader - or hot car.
Mat.5:44, Lk.6:27 - Love your enemies.
Jn.15:13 - no greater love ... a man lays down his life for his friend
1Cor.13:3 - Though I give all my goods to the poor ... but have not love, it profits me nothing.
Mat.23:6, Lk.11:43 - Pharisees love chief seats in the synagogues.

The opposite of love_1,2,3 is hate, not indifference. Indifference implies the absence of emotion, effort, or psychological relationship.

low

rel. Low and its opposite: high , cannot be defined except in relation to each other. Therefore high/low constitues a p.b.c.

1. (adv.) near to a point which is regarded as the lowest possible (see down)
e.g. the center of the earth
A. very so near
B. more so near than the person judging lowness
C. more so near than usual or expected

e.g. flying low

2. (adj.) being near to a point which is regarded as the lowest possible
e.g. the center of the earth
A. being very so near
B. being more so near than the person judging lowness
C. being more so near than usual or expected

e.g. a low flight

3. (adv.) of rank: distant from the highest possible place in a hierarchy
e.g. the ruler
A. very so distant
B. more distant than the person judging lowness

4. (adj.) of rank: being distant from the highest possible place in a hierarchy
e.g. the ruler
A. being very so distant
B. being more distant than the person judging lowness

loyal	(adj.) persistently devoted despite reasons to discontinue devotion

loyalty	(n.) (see allegiance) persistent devotion_1C despite reasons to discontinue devotion Loyalty is not a virtue. It is only as virtuous as that to which one is loyal.

luck	(n.) an attribute of an event which, though caused , is not caused by a deliberate attempt to cause it

machine	(n.) a set of parts that are bound together to form a unit, and work together to achieve a purpose 1. an inanimate tool with more than one moving part

magnitude	(n.) (superset of size , weight) (see amount , quantity) a necessary attribute of anything that can be measured

magic

(superset of miraculous or miracle) This term has been defined narrowly or broadly. Narrowly, it usually indicates an impossible event. It can also indicate an improbable event. Broadly, it can include events caused by psychological manipulation.

1. (ont.) (adj.) contrary to what the laws of physics would require
(n.) that set of events that happens contrary to what the laws of physics would require
(n.) one such an event
(n.) an attribute of such an event

A. (epis.) appearing to be ontologically magic₁
e.g. rabbit out of a hat, vanishing acts

2. (ont.) (adj.) extremely improbable by statistics
(n.) that set of events that are extremely improbable by statistics
(n.) one such an event
(n.) an attribute of such an event

A. (epis.) appearing to be ontologically magic₂
e.g. card tricks

3. (ont.) (adj.) caused by psychological manipulation
(n.) that set of events that are caused by psychological manipulation

e.g. voodoo, hypnosis

(n.) one such an event
(n.) an attribute of such an event

manage	1. (v.i.) to function sufficiently 2. (v.t.) to get something to function sufficiently (see direct) A. to get something to behave as desired (see control) e.g. to manage a company

manner	(n.) 1. a way of acting (syn. behavior , mode_2A ) (superset of style) A. a usual way of acting i. of individuals (syn. habit) ii. of societies (syn. custom)

many	(adj.) (opposite: few) big in quantity, but not in magnitude (see more)

match	1. (v.i.) to be like something else e.g. (A) matches (a) more than (A) matches (b). 2. (v.t.) to put similar or identical things together (ant. mix₂ ) e.g. >>>A A<<< >>>A a<<< >>>A (A a A a) A. (n.) things that match₂

material	(adj. and n.) 1. of substance 2. of matter 3. (sbj.) of bodily needs or desires A. affecting emotions (syn. important , significant₂ )

materialism

(n.)
1. Matter is all.

A. the view that matter is the only reality, and that abstracts and properties₂ of mind can be explained in terms of matter
(a subset of naturalism; i.e. naturalism without the laws) (opposite: idealism₁ )

B. the mind-body view that matter is the only underlying substance of humanness. There is no such thing as mind.
(subset of monism₃ ) (ant. idealism_1B )
(superset of physicalism₂ and epiphenomenalism)

2. the value system which regards material benefits as the highest value (subset of hedonism₁ )

mathematics	(n.) (superset of arithmetic) the rules for combining numbers logically

matter	1. (n.) what anything is made of A. what abstractions are made of (see issue₃) B. what physical things are made of (substance₁ ) i. whatever is perceptible to the senses ii. whatever occupies space and has extension (contrast to energy) 2. (v.i.) to be significant₂

mean	1. (v.t.) This plus its synonym, signify, constitute a p.b.c. in that they cannot be defined without assuming you already know what they "mean." A. to intend_2A for your words to be interpreted a particular way 2. (sbj.) to affect emotions (syn. signify₂ ) 3. (n.) (a type of average) the sum of two or more values₂ divided by the number of values in the set

meaning

(n.)

1. p.b.c. what something means Heh! It can't be defined without assuming you already know what it "means".
Definition is to terms as meaning₁ is to sentences.
Types of meaning: literal , intended_2A , substitute

literal meaning: the normal meaning of words and sentences regardless of the intent of the person saying them All sensible statements have at least one literal meaning. Some statements are literally ambiguous.

e.g. "I saw a tree walking down the street" can mean:
While I was walking down the street, I saw a tree.
While I was walking, I saw a tree down the street.
I saw a tree which was walking down the street.
While I was down the street, I saw a tree walking.

intended meaning: If a sentient being intends to communicate something by a statement, then that statement has an intended meaning. Unless the sentient being is being deliberately evasive, deceptive, ambiguous, or ironic, he will intend only one meaning.
If there is only one intended meaning, it is usually one of the literal meanings.
But the intended meaning(s) can be logically unrelated to the literal meaning(s). Sometimes the intended meaning is the exact opposite of the literal meaning.

"I could care less" is usually intended to mean "I could not care less".
"Yeah, right!" is usually intended to mean "No, wrong!".

substitute meaning: Statements can have substitute meanings which are neither literal nor intended. Competent communicators avoid these unless those communicators are being deliberately unclear.

2. (sbj.) the degree to which emotions are affected by something (syn. significance₁ )

means	(n.) 1. that by which something is done (see instrument) 2. that which enables something to be done (syn. way)

measure	(v.t.) to calculate measurement

measurement	(n.) 1. a quantity of equal units and/or fractions thereof describing the magnitude of something in terms of that unit e.g. Length is a measurement in terms of a quantity of equal distance units. Time period is a measurement in terms of a quantity of equal duration units. 2. magnitude determined by measuring e.g. Three meters is a measurement. Three days is a measurement.

median	(n.) (a type of average) the value₂ at the midpoint of a set of values

meet	(see join_1,2 ) 1. (v.i.) to come together physically (superset of intersect₁ ) A. from different directions 2. (v.i.) to come together abstractly e.g. to meet conditions, requirements, expectations 3. (v.t.) to encounter (see join) A. from different directions e.g. A>>> <<<B i. front to front

member	(n.) (syn. element₂ ) 1. a distinguishable part of a body A. a person who is part of a defined community of persons 2. a unit in and of a set (syn. element₂ )

meme	(n.) a unit of information in a mind whose existence influences events such that more copies of itself get created in other minds

memory	(n.) (see remember) retained data 1. retained mental impressions acquired in the past A. ability to retain such data B. that faculty which retains such data 2. retained physical data A. ability to retain such data B. that object which retains such data

mention	(v.t.) (superset of adduce , cite) to speak about something briefly or incidentally

merciful	(adj.) lenient; not administering punishment 1. not administering expected punishment 2. not administering deserved punishment (subset of gracious₁ ) 3. not administering legally prescribed punishment (subset of gracious₂ )

mercy	(n.) (contrast to forgive , justice_1A ) (see essay: Justice, Law, Mercy, Grace) Mercy has two abstract locations: a dispensing end, and a receiving end. 1. not dispensing or receiving expected punishment 2. not dispensing or receiving deserved punishment (subset of grace_2A ) 3. not dispensing or receiving legally prescribed punishment (subset of grace_2B )

merge	(v.) (see mix) to combine so as to be inseparable degrees of merge

metaphysics	(n.) Used to describe Aristotle's Physics by Andronicus of Rhodes (c .70 BC) as the Greek "ta meta ta physika", meaning "the things after the physics." 1. speculative philosophy in general 2. ontology

method	(n.) 1. a way of doing (syn. mode₂ ) 2. regularity and order₃liness A. in action B. in arrangement_1B

middle	1. (n.) a point half way between extremes (syn. center) A. a point half way between two other points B. a point equidistant from the points of a periphery i. an approximation of this point 2. (n.) an area around a middle₁

mind

(n.) (see mind-body relationships)
that part of self which thinks , reasons , knows , judges , imagines , perceives_1A , emotes , and wills.
If soul/spirits exist, they are denotatively indistinguishable from minds.
To a materialist , mind is either synonymous with brain, produced by brain, or doesn't exist.
To a critical realist , mind is an immaterial entity or substance with personal consciousness.

mind-body relationships	(n.) those theories of how minds and bodies interrelate (superset of monism₃ and dualism₃ )

minus	(adj.) (opposite: plus) from which is removed e.g. 8 - 6 = 2 means (8 from which is removed 6) equals 2.

miracle	(n.) (subset of magic) magic caused by a deity

mix	(v.) 1. (v.i.) to come together with something unlike e.g. A >>> <<< B A >>> B B B B 2. (v.t.) to put unlike things together (ant. match₂ ) e.g. >>>A B<<< >>>A B B B B 3. (v.) to combine together so that all parts are randomly associated (see merge) degrees of mix₃

mobile	(adj.) movable 1. easily movable

modality	(n.) 1. a tendency to belong to a particular category A. a tendency to conform to a pattern 2. classification of propositions on the basis of whether they assert or deny the possibility, impossibility, contingency, or necessity of their content

mode

(n.)

1. a way of being
A. a condition of functioning

e.g. Your computer is not in sleep mode.

B. a type of something
e.g. Cars are a mode of transportation.

2. a way of doing (syn. method)
e.g. Cubism is a mode of painting.

A. a way of acting (syn. behavior , manner)
e.g. Sarcasm is a mode of expression.

3. the most frequent item in a set of variables₂ (see statistics)
a. the most frequent value₂ of a set of values (a type of average)

model	1. (n.) an understandable representation of a less understandable object A. a smaller copy of a larger object B. an accessible copy of an inaccessible object C. an existing copy of a planned or nonexisting object 2. (n.) a standard_1B of excellence 3. (n.) a style or design e.g. a Model T Ford 4. (v.t.) to make a model₁ 5. (v.i.) to serve as a model₂

modus ponens	(n.) (subset of deduction) (sibling set of modus tolens) a conditional statement: if p, then q, followed by the assertion that p is true, and concluding that q must therefore be true: p ⊂ q If p, then q. p p is true. ∴ q Therefore q is true.

modus tolens	(n.) (subset of deduction) (sibling set of modus ponens) a conditional statement: if p, then q, followed by the assertion that q is false, and concluding that p must therefore be false: p ⊂ q If p, then q. ∼q q is false. ∴ ∼p Therefore p is false.

moment	(n.) 1. a point in time A. a particular point in time 2. pop. a brief interval of time (syn. instant) (see period)

monism

(n.) the theory that:

1. all reality is one, or of one substance; that there is no qualitative difference between the stuff of the universe, the stuff of humans, or the stuff of reality. (superset of pantheism)
(contrasted to dualism₂ and pluralism)

A. one principle₂ (i.e. nature₂ ) is all that it takes to explain everything in reality. Primary monisms are idealism and materialism.

2. (in epistemology) the idea and the object known are one in the cognitive act.

3. there is one underlying substance in humanness. (subset of mind-body relations , sibling set of dualism₃ )
(superset of idealism_1B and materialism_1B )

moral

(adj.) (contrast to ethical) (see vice , virtue) abs.
conforming to an objective standard for judging what should or should not be

1. of willful decisions and actions which should or should not be practiced

2. of laws or policies which should or should not exist
i.e. If a law or policy should exist, it's moral. If it shouldn't exist it's immoral.

There is no denotative distinction between ethical₁ and moral. Conventional usage slants "ethical" connotations toward business transactions and "moral" toward more emotional issues.

moral absolutism

(n.) (not to be confused with moral universalism)

1. the theory that an absolute₂ standard exists by which to judge the morality of any act of any person at any time
Any given act is either moral, or immoral, or morally neutral.
What determines the standard is another issue.

2. the theory that an absolute₂ standard exists by which to judge the morality of any category of acts
e.g. murder, rape, theft, lying, nose picking, charity
That standard can be static or graded.

A. static moral absolutism: Any category of acts is always either moral, or immoral, or morally neutral.

e.g. If lying is immoral, all lies are always immoral.

B. graded moral absolutism: Any category of morally judgable acts is judged on a scale from most moral to least moral.

e.g. If murder is more immoral than lying, then lying is moral if it is to prevent murder.

Moral absolutism in itself does not say that any act or category of acts is moral or immoral. The standard determines that.

moral principle

(n.) a principle₃ stating behavior that should be practiced

1. a general principle stating behavior that should always be practiced

e.g. Avoid those actions which diminish the well-being of the class of sentient beings as a whole.

2. a specific principle stating behavior that should generally be practiced

There is no specific principle that should always be practiced. For any specific principle, there exists a hypothetical scenario such that it would be immoral to apply it.

e.g. Principle: Never torture babies.
Scenario: You are a prisoner of a psychopath who has proven that he is able and willing to torture and kill babies. He orders you to torture a baby, and says that if you don't, he will torture and kill it.

moral relativism

(n.) (see relativism)
the theory that no absolute or objective standard exists by which to judge the morality of any act or category of acts
Morality is relative to societies, cultures, individuals, or some sloppy mixture of the three.
Therefore morality can be judged by any agent from a large social group down to an individual. Neither is there a standard by which to say the judgment of a larger group is to be preferred over that of a smaler group or individual.

moral universaism	(n.) the theory that an absolute₂ standard exists by which to judge the morality of any category of acts for all similarly-situated people, regardless of individual opinions That standard can be static or graded. (see moral absolutism) Moral universaism in itself does not say that any act or category of acts is moral or immoral. The standard determines that.

morality

(n.) (contrast to ethics) (see vice , virtue) abs.
an objective standard for judging what should or should not be

1. willful decisions and actions which should or should not be practiced

2. laws or policies which should or should not exist
i.e. If a law or policy should exist, it's moral. If it shouldn't exist it's immoral.

There is no denotative distinction between ethicality₁ and morality. Conventional usage slants "ethicality" connotations toward business transactions and "morality" toward more emotional issues.

morals	(n.) (contrast to ethics , piety , and sin) abs. 1. willful decisions and actions conforming to an absolute standard of acceptability 2. morals₁ expressed as principles There is no denotative distinction between ethics₁ and morals. Conventional usage slants "ethics" connotations toward business transactions and "morals" toward more emotional issues.

more	(adj.) (comparative of much) , (opposites: fewer , less) a p.b.c. definable only by its synonyms: greater₁ , larger in reference to magnitude or quantity (see many)

most	(adj.) (superlative of much) , (opposites: fewest , least) a p.b.c. definable only by its synonyms: greatest₁ in reference to magnitude or quantity

motion	(n.) (v. move) (see dynamic , kinetic) a change in the distance between two objects This does not imply total relativity, because one object may experience much more G-force than the other.

motivate	(v.t.) (contrast to: cause₁ , persuade , influence) to cause a free-will being to want to do something This is always achieved by stimulating emotion.

motivation	(n.) (contrast to: cause₁ , persuasion , influence) causing a free-will being to want to do something This is always achieved by stimulating emotion.

motive	(n.) a reason contributing to a willful decision This is always ultimately based on emotion.

move	(v.) (n. motion) (superset of travel) to change in location to change the distance between two objects This does not imply total relativity, because one object may experience much more G-force than the other.

much	(adj. , adv.) rel. more than ordinary or expected Much + great constitute a p.b.c. 1. in amount 2. in degree 3. in quantity

must

(v. aux.) an auxiliary used with the infinitive of various verbs to express necessity
cannot not (compare to ought)

1. necessary to be true, that which cannot not be

e.g. A triangle must have three and only three sides.

2. necessary to accomplish something, that which cannot not be done:

A. in order to exist
e.g. One must have have food to survive.

B. in order to get what is desired
e.g. One must have have fun to be happy.

C. in order to conform to a standard

e.g. One must behave morally or be immoral.
One must obey the law or be a law breaker.

mysticism	(n.) (a subset of religion_1A ) 1. direct interrelation with God , a god , or an intermediary thereof 2. the belief that direct knowledge of God may be achieved apart from propositional revelation (compare to rationalism_1B ) 3. vague, obscure, or sloppy thinking or belief

natural	(adj.) 1. the way something is A. when not interfered with 2. of the attributes of something 3. of the general cosmic order A. apart from and uninfluenced by man 4. of the instincts and emotions of man (as opposed to intellect) 5. confined to physical laws (opposite: supernatural)

naturalism

(n.) (ant. supernaturalism) (a superset of materialism)
the world view that the universe is:
1. all there is

2. self generating, self operating, requiring no creator

3. explainable by:

A. totally random events

B. scientific causal laws independent of a unifying mind

i. totally determined

ii. part determined, part random

4. purposeless

A. because it is totally random

B. because it is deterministic

nature	(n.) 1. what something is (syn. essence₁ ) A. what something is when not interfered with B. attributes of something (syn. essence₂ ) 2. the general cosmic order 3. that which exists apart from and uninfluenced by man 4. the instincts and emotions of man (contrast to intellect)

near

rel. (adj.) (syn. close adj.) (opposite: far) a relationship of two things that are separate₄
All examples are relatively speaking.
1. having little of some dimension between them

e.g. Ireland is near to England.
4:00 is near to 4:30.

A. having little of some dimension between self and other

e.g. My work is near by.
It's near supper time.

2. having less of some dimension between self and other
e.g. the near side of the moon

3. having little of some abstraction between them (see similar)
e.g. A count is near to a duke.

necessary

(adj.) (see need , inevitable)
1. abs. that which must be (contrast to chance)

A. in logic, any statement whose denial would involve a contradiction

B. in ontology, the quality₁ of something that is eternal and needs nothing else to exist or continue to exist (contrast to accident₂ )

2. rel. that which must be, in order for something else to be

In the ultimate sense, nothing is absolutely necessary, because nothing must exist. But given that something exists, all preconditions which must exist in order for it to exist are absolutely necessary preconditions.

necessary condition

(n.) (contrast to sufficient condition)
an antecedent condition which must be in order for its consequent to be
In order for X to be, a sufficient condition is necessary, but a necessary condition is not sufficient, and X may have no necessary conditions except the sum of all sufficient conditions.

e.g. If (conditions a, b, and c) constitute a sufficient condition for X, and (conditions d, e, and f) also constitute a sufficient condition for X, then there are no necessary conditions for X among (a, b, c, d, e, f).
Neither (a,b,c) nor (d,e,f) constitutes a necessary condition for X. But (either a,b,c or d,e,f) constitutes a necessary condition for X, only if there are no other sufficient conditions for X.

A necessary condition is not a cause.

necessity	(n.) 1. inability to be otherwise (see caused , destiny , determined) 2. requirement A. the fact of needing₁ (syn. need₂ ) B. that which is needed₁

need

(contrast to want)

1. (v.t.) to be dependent on something
A. in order to exist

i. to have something necessary in order to exist
ii. to lack something necessary in order to exist

e.g. Trees need water whether they have it or lack it.

B. rel. in order for some particular to be true
i. to have something necessary
ii. to lack something necessary

e.g. Cars need fuel in order to run whether they have it or lack it.

2. (n.) the fact of needing₁ (syn. necessity₁ )

negative	(adj. and n.) (see inverse , obverse , reverse) There are several types of negative, poorly distinguished by the English language The negative of A may be: everything in the universe that is not A ... (complement of A) anything in the universe that is not A ... (not A, non-A) absence of A ... (no A, zero A) opposite of A minus A

negligible	(adj.) 1. ont. not enough to be measured 2. epis. not enough to be noticed 3. axi. not enough to be cared about

next	1. (adj. adv.) being, occurring, coming, or going immediately after₁ something else A. in time B. in order 2. (n.) the one following

next to	(prep.) beside

nihilism	(n.) 1. Belief₁ that an objective basis doesn't exist: A. for knowledge (epistemological nihilism) B. for ethical values (axiological nihilism) 2. Belief₁ that something doesn't exist A. knowledge doesn't exist B. ethical values don't exist 3. Belief₁ that something doesn't matter A. knowledge doesn't matter B. ethical values don't matter

nominalism	(n.) (subset of anti-realism) (sibling set of conceptualism) the theory that: Only particulars (and possibly collections of particulars) exist. Universals are not real. They are only class names. A general term may be applied to similar particulars without referring to an independently existing universal. Properties₂ either don't exist, or are reducible to class names.

nonrational	(adj.) not based on reason (ant. rational₂ )

norm	(n.) 1. a standard of behavior, achievement, fashion, etc. A. a standard of excellence (syn. model₂ ) B. an accepted standard i. accepted by a community regardless of size ii. accepted by a culture 2. an average A. a median average B. a mean average

normal	(adj.) 1. a conforming to a standard (syn. regular₁ ) 2. average (syn. ordinary₁ , standard₃ ) A. at or near the mean average₁ B. at or near the modal average₃ (compare to usual) 3. not altered

noteworthy	(adj.) (see emphasize) worthy of being noticed

nothing	(n.) lit. absence of any thing 1. absence of anything in a particular context A. absence of any concept B. absence of any dimension C. absence of space/time D. absence of anything numerical or measurable E. absence of any natural number (zero) F. absence of anything physical G. absence of anything relevant H. absence of anything important

notice	1. (v.t.) to perceive with one of the senses (see discern , observe) 2. (n.) announcement of a recent or impending change which the announcer wants known

noumenon	(n.) obj. an objective fact, object, or circumstance which is perceived, as opposed to the perception_1A of it - the phenomenon₂ (Kant)

nous	a Greek word meaning mind , reason, soul/spirit, intellect, used by vocabulophiles who would rather impress than communicate

now	(adv.) (subset of when) (sibling set of then) This concept plus presently constitute a p.b.c. understandable as happening between past and future1

null set	(n.) a hypothetical set containing no members Symbol: { } or ∅ Aristotle's logic contained no null set.

number

p.b.c. (adj. and n.) (see mathematics , quantity , value) Number cannot be defined without circularity.

types of numbers
natural numbers: used for counting 1, 2, 3, 4, 5...
whole numbers: natural numbers plus zero 0, 1, 2, 3, 4...

even numbers: 2n odd numbers: 2n-1

integers: whole numbers plus their negatives ...-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3...

rational numbers: numbers which can be written in the form of one integer divided by another or A/B

irrational numbers: √2 , π
real numbers: rational numbers plus irrational numbers
cardinal₂ vs. ordinal

numerical	(adj.) 1. pertaining to number 2. having the nature of a number 3. expressed by a number

numerically	(adv.) in a numerical manner

obedience	(n.) willingness to do what is commanded 1. doing it

obedient	(adj.) willing to do what is commanded 1. and doing it

obey	(v.t.) to do what is commanded (syn. comply₂ )

object	(n.) a thing perceived by a mind: 1. physical as opposed to abstract A. solid as opposed to liquid or gaseous 2. which is the focus of attention A. which receives action on it i. which receives the action of a verb (ant. subject)

object	(v.i.) (syn. protest) to express opposition_2A to something

objective	(adj.) (opposite: subjective) (compare to absolute) (see truth , values) 1. existing independently of a mind to know or experience it 2. ont. remaining the same regardless of diverse opinions A. epis. thought to remain the same regardless of diverse opinions

objectivism	(n.) (ant. subjectivism) the belief that things exist independently of a mind to know or experience them

obscene	(adj.) (contrast to profane) causing displeasure (denotatively indistinguishable from offensive)

observation	(n.) 1. looking at (see attention) A. noticing or being noticed e.g. observation of or by the enemy B. examination 2. acting with respect_1B for e.g. observation of the law or a holiday 3. the result of observing

observe	(v.t.) 1. to look at (compare to attend to₁ ) A. to notice B. to examine 2. to act with respect_1B for (syn. attend₂ ) e.g. to observe the law or a holiday

obsolescent	(adj.) 1. soon to be obsolete 2. no longer valuable because something newer and/or better is available

obsolete	(adj.) having been replaced 1. by something newer 2. by something better Nothing is obsolete until its replacement is immediately available.

obstruct	(v.t.) 1. to impede action or motion A. through a passage 2. to prevent action or motion A. through a passage

obstruction	(n.) 1. an impediment to action or motion A. through a passage 2. prevention of action or motion A. through a passage

obtuse	(adj.) (see accute) of angles: between 90 and 180 degrees 1. dull

obverse

(n.) (sibling set of contrapositive and converse)
relationship of two categorical propositions of opposite quality₁ such that the predicate term of each is the complement of the predicate term of the other. (logical equivalents for all propositions)

A (All S are P) obverts to (No S are non-P).
E (No S are P) obverts to (All S are non-P).
I (Some S are P) obverts to (Some S are not non-P).
O (Some S are not P) obverts to (Some S are non-P).

obvious	(adj.) 1. difficult to not perceive 1. difficult to not understand

occasionalism	(n.) the mind-body view that brain and mind exist in corresponding paths which occasionally intersect, and may be predetermined. (subset of dualiism₃ ) (sibling set of parallelism , interactionism , pre-established harmony)

occupy	(v.i.) 1. to have possession of 2. to take possession of A. by settlement B. by seizure 3. to reside in (see inhabit)

occur	(v.i.) (see recur) 1. to present itself or be met with 2. to come to mind 3. to take place (syn. happen)

Ockham's razor	(n.) 1. the principle₂ that the simplest explanation is most likely to be correct 2. the principle₃ that one should not make unnecessary extra assumptions

offend	(v.t.) 1. to cause displeasure 2. to violate a law or principle

offense	(n.) (ant. defence) attack mode

offense	(n.) 1. anything that causes displeasure 2. a violation of a law or principle

offensive	(adj.) 1. causing displeasure (denotatively indistinguishable from obscene) 2. violating a law or principle

offer	1. (v.t.) to indicate₂ willingness to do something (see promise) A. to state willingness to do something 2. (n.) a statement of willingness to do something

often	(adv.) recuring many times (see frequent)

ontological	(adj.) (contrast to epistemological) 1. the fact that a thing is, as opposed to the fact that it is thought or known to be (which is epistemological₁ ) 2. what a thing is, as opposed to what it is thought to be, or how it is known to be (which is epistemological₂ )

ontological argument for the existence of God

(n.) (see cosmological , teleological , and transcendental arguments)
Anselm's argument for the existence of God as the Being than which nothing greater can be thought. Since anything being the greatest and lacking existence is less than the greatest having existence, the latter is greater. The greatest, therefore has to exist.
The argument is based on the erroneous concept of absolute qualitative greatness.

ontology	(n.) (part of philosophy) (sibling set to epistemology and axiology) the theory or study of that which is

open

1. (adj.) permitting passage through (opposite: shut_1A )
A. permitting information to pass through

e.g. an open phone line

2. (adj.) permitting access (opposite: shut_2A )

e.g. open jar , open for business , open meeting

A. permitting information access

e.g. open minded , open eyes

B. not restricted
e.g. open season , an open account

i. not already taken
e.g. job still open

3. (adj.) one of two possible positions₂ of an object that can have space between it and another object (opposite: shut₃ )
e.g. a door, window, curtain, lid,

4. (adj.) not obstructed
e.g. open water , an open field

5. (adj.) having gaps
e.g. open ranks

6. (v.i.) to be or become open_1,2,3,4,5
7. (v.t.) to open_1,2,3,4,5 something

operate	1. (v.i.) to act so as to produce a result e.g. by means of logic or mathematics (see process) A. to act in order to produce a desired result 2. (v.t.) to put or keep in action e.g. to operate a tractor

operation	(n.) (see effort , work) 1. the fact or act of operating A. a method of operating 2. an act that produces a change in a quantity e.g. addition, subtraction, multiplication, division

opine	(v.t.) (see regard) sbj. 1. to think₂ a particular proposition or position₃ is true or probable₂ (syn. believe₁ ) 2. to judge the value of something unquantifiable (syn. evaluate₂ )

opinion	(n.) sbj. 1. a probability₂ judgment short of certainty₂ (syn. belief₁ ) 2. judgment of the value of something unquantifiable (syn. evaluation₂ )

opponent	(n.) an adversary under specific circumstances, such as a competition

oppose	(v.t.) p.b.c. the basic term describing two things against₃ each other 1. physically across a midpoint 2. abstractly across a neutral point A. of statements: opposed in truth value (syn. contrary) B. of animals: opposed in will or desire (see conflict , adverse)

opposite

(adj.) often used as a substantive (see essay)
The opposite of X is negative-X, not the absence of X.
1. (adj.) perfectly_3a reversed

2. (n.) the relationship of two concepts on a common axis and equidistant from a midpoint on that axis.
The axis represents a quality₁ in which both concepts participate. Opposites cannot be identified without identifying that quality₁ which is the criterion for opposition.

A. absolute opposite

e.g. Three is the absolute opposite of minus three.
(zero being considered an absolute midpoint)
-4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
An inward spiral is absolutely opposite in motion to an outward spiral
(zero motion being considered an absolute midpoint)

B. relative opposite

e.g. Three is the opposite of seven relative to five.
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8
France is opposite Germany relative to the Rhine River.

3. (n.) pop. absence

e.g. Black is seen as the opposite of white.
But white is light, and black is the absence of light.

opposition	(n.) a relationship of two things against each other 1. physically across a midpoint 2. abstractly across a neutral point A. of statements: opposed in truth value B. of animals: opposed in will or desire

option	(n.) 1. ability to choose 2. a thing that can be chosen or not chosen

oral	(adj.) pertaining to a mouth 1. spoken (subset of verbal)

order	1. (v.t.) to tell someone to do something (syn. command₁ , demand₁ ) 2. (v.t.) to put things in desired positions (syn. arrange₁ ) 3. (n.) systematic arrangement_1B (see design , hierarchy , method , sequence , series) There is no such thing as accidental order. However, the appearance of order may occur by accident.

ordered pair

(n.) (see Cartesian product , relation₄ )
a collection of two distinguishable objects, one being the first (or left), and the other being the second (or right). Conventional notation for an ordered pair is < a,b >. The pair is "ordered" in that < a,b > differs from < b,a > unless a = b.
Two ordered pairs < a,b > and < c,d > are equal if and only if a = c and b = d.

ordinal	1. (adj.) expressing succession, specifically of a number in a series (contrast to cardinal) e.g. first, second, third, etc. or 1st, 2nd, 3rd, etc. 2. (n.) a number expressing succession in a series rather than quantity

ordinary	(adj.) 1. average (syn. normal₂ , standard₃ ) A. at or near the mean average₁ B. at or near the modal average₃ (compare to usual) 2. having few or no distinguishing features (syn. common₄ )

organ	(n.) a means or instrument for performing some action 1. a body part that does this The fact that this term is used for a musical instrument is irrelevant to the abstract concept.

organic	(adj.) 1. pertaining to an organ or organs 2. sufficiently complex to be distinguished from the rest of matter, which is inorganic, at least by comparison A. of carbon compounds 3. pop. grown without pesticides

organism	(n.) anything composed of organs 1. a living entity (related to evolution)

organization	(n.) 1. the fact of being organized A. the fact of having been organized 2. a way of being organized 3. the result of having been organized 4. a thing that has been organized

organize	1. (v.i.) to get together with other same or similar things in order to achieve a purpose 2. (v.t.) to put things together in order to achieve a purpose (see arrange₁ , order₂ )

orthodox	(adj.) 1. obj. (literally) right thinking₂ 2. sbj. right thinking according to a given world view or paradigm

orthogenesis	(n.) the theory that evolution is determined by internal factors rather than the external forces 1. biological: Evolution is determined by genetic factors independent of outside influences and natural selection. 2. sociological: All cultures evolve on the same fixed course uninfluenced by differing environmental factors.

orthogonal	(adj.) pertaining to right angles 1. at a right angle (syn. perpendicular) e.g. height , width, and depth are all orthogonal to each other.

ought

(v. aux.) an auxiliary used with the infinitive of various verbs to express expectancy (ought to = should) (compare to must)

1. (epis.) expected to be true, that which ought to happen
e.g. Dry wood ought to burn easily.

2. (axi.) expected for some purpose, that which ought to be done
A. to get what is desired (pragmatic ought)

e.g. One ought to have money.

B. to conform to an ethical standard (ethical ought)

e.g. One ought to pay one's debts.
Children ought to get hot lunches.

out	1. (adj. prep.) not in In + out constitute a p.b.c., each definable only in opposition to the other A. not in a defined category i. not in an enclosed space 2. (adv.) away from center A. from in a defined category to not in it i. from in an enclosed space to not in it 3. (adj.) perceivable by the public

outer	(adj.) (opposite: inner) 1. away from the center 2. rel. farther from a given point than something else

outside	(adj. prep.) (opposite: inside) 1. the side away from the center 2. on the outside₁

own	1. to have something and keep it by force (syn. possess) A. by force of strength B. by force of law 2. (adj.) belonging or relating to a self e.g. my own book; your own sense; its own size 3. (n.) that which belongs or relates to a self e.g. on my own; what is your own; coming to his own

pain	(n.) the most unpleasant sensation

panentheism	(n.) (subset of theism) (subset or sibling set of pantheism) the world view that everything exists in God , but God is greater than the totality of reality; that God relates to the world as a hand to a glove, or as a soul to a body. Contemporary panentheism is promoted by process theology.

panpsychism	(n.) 1. the view that all of reality consists purely of some immaterial thing (mind , soul/spirit) with various levels of consciousness. 2. the view that reality is composed of living atoms.

pantheism	(n.) (subset of monism₁ and theism) (sibling set of monotheism and polytheism) (sibling set or superset of panentheism) the world view that all of reality is in some way divine or God; all is God and God is all. God is not transcendent.

parable	(n.) an allegory with a moral message